Cane Fires: The Anti-Japanese Movement in Hawaii, 1865-1945

Notes

Notes Preface 1. Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Personal Justice Denied (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1982),261. 2. Romanzo Adams, "The Unorthodox Race Doctrine of Hawaii," in Race and Culture Contacts, ed. E. B. Reuter (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1934); and Andrew W. Lind, Hawaii: The Last of the Magic Isles (London: Oxford University Press, 1969). See John Mei Liu, "Cultivating Cane: Asian Labor and the Hawaiian Sugar Plantation System within the Capitalist World Economy, 1835-1920," doctoral dissertation , University of California, Los Angeles, 1985, for a critique of the Adams-Lind hypothesis. 3. Andrew W. Lind, Hawaii's Japanese: An Experiment in Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1946), 62-63. 4. J. Gamer Anthony, Hawaii under Army Rule (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1955); preface of 1975 reprint. 5. Roger Daniels, Concentration Camps: North America (Malabar, Fla.: Robert E. Krieger, 1981),2. See also Jacobus tenBroek et aI., Prejudice, War and the Constitution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1954), 11-67. 6. Lucie Cheng and Edna Bonacich, eds., Labor Immigration under Capitalism: Asian Workers in the United States Before World War II (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), makes a significant contribution toward conceptualizing Asian migration as labor migration; however, the book falters in its discussion of antiAsianism and class struggle. 7. See, e.g., Gordon W. Prange, At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981), 402-406, 412-413, 586, 705-706, 729-731. 8. My interpretation of Hawaiian history is influenced by works such as Colin Bundy, The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979); Barry Hindess and Paul Q. Hirst, Pre-Capitalist Modes of Production (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975); and Shula Marks and Anthony Atmore, eds., Economy and Society in Pre-industrial South Africa (London: Longman, 1980). Their ideas of mode of production, social formation, and articulation of precapitalist with capitalist societies bear particular relevance to Hawaii before and after the arrival of Europeans. Theories of migrant labor, world-system and dependency, and internal colonialism, contained in books such as Stephen 277 Notes to Chapter 1 Castles and Godula Kosack, Immigrant Workers and Class Structure in Western Europe (London: Oxford University Press, 1973); Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern WorldSystem (New York: Academic Press, 1974); and Robert Blauner, Racial Oppression in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), help to order and explain the history of Hawaii's sugar plantations, Asian migration to the islands, and racial and class oppression in the Hawaiian kingdom and territory. Victims of oppression, however , frequently resisted and thereby improved their condition and changed the course of history, as shown in such books as Herbert Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts (New York: Columbia University Press, 1944); and Gary Y. Okihiro, ed., In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, and Afro-American History (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1986). I apply this idea to Hawaii's Japanese. Chapter 1: So Much Charity, So Little Democracy 1. E.S.C. Handy and Mary Pukui, The Polynesian Family System in Kau (Honolulu : Charles E. Tuttle, 1972). 2. E.S.C. Handy and Elizabeth Green Handy, Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment, Bulletin no. 233 (Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1972). 3. Edward D. Beechert, Working in Hawaii: A Labor History (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985), 10-11. 4. Ibid., 19-20; and Gavan Daws, Shoal ofTime: A History ofthe Hawaiian Islands (New York: Macmillan, 1968), 47. 5. Quoted in Noel J. Kent, Hawaii: Islands under the Influence (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 28. See also Beechert, Working, 21-22. 6. Cited in Beechert, Working, 31. 7. Ibid., 21, 31. 8. Daws, Shoal, 127; and Beechert, Working, 33. 9. Quoted in Ronald Takaki, Pau Hana: Plantation Life and Labor in Hawaii, 1835-1920 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983),5. 10. Quoted in Daws, Shoal, 106. 11. Lawrence H. Fuchs, Hawaii Pono: A Social History (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1961), 16-17. 12. Daws, Shoal, 108. 13. Fuchs, Hawaii Pono, 22-24. 14. Ralph S. Kuykendall, The Hawaiian Kingdom, 1854-1874: Twenty Critical Years (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1953), 142. 15. Ibid., 145-146. 16. Ibid., 131-133. Lunalilo, Kamehameha V's successor in 1872, abolished property qualifications for voting in the 1874 constitution, but retained the autocratic powers reinstituted by Kamehameha V. Notes to Chapter 1 279 17. Cited...