East is West and West is East: Gender, Culture, and Interwar Encounters between Asia and America

Index

Ahn Ch’ang-ho, 68 Americanization: assumptions about, 63–64. See also East Goes West; immigrants and immigration anti-ethnic studies laws, 192–93 antimiscegenation laws, 6, 78–80, 196n6, 197n8, 208n15 anti-white-slavery movements, 28, 202n7. See also white slavery Asia: displacement of, 94–95, 103–13, 185–86; identity formation against, 1–4, 187–88; nostalgia of writers in, 87–88; racist assumptions and fascination with, 92–94; white travelers’ construction of, 18–19. See also China; East-West contact; Japan; Korea Asian exclusion. See exclusion laws Asian men. See also specific groups Asian men, immigrants: antimiscegenation laws as understood by, 197n8; as bachelors and unassimilable, 6, 17–18, 66–67, 76–85; class differences among, 17–18, 64–67, 76–77, 84–86, 89–90; commodification of, 71–75; contextualization of, 81–83; disillusioned with Americanization, 86–88, 90–91; legal construction of, 5–6 Asian men, masculinity and sexuality: Americanized workingclass example of, 76–83, 91; media stereotypes of, 195–96n2; modern Oriental intellectual figure’s discomfort with, 76, 83–91; racialized emasculation of, 7, 17–18, 67–75; variegated images of, 65–67 Asian women: stereotypes of sexuality of, 1–2, 5, 195–96n2; white men’s relationships with, 201n27; white women defined against, 6–7. See also specific groups Asian women, immigrants: control and surveillance of, 13, 16, 26, 31; Page Law as affecting all, 202n10; scrutinized for deviancy and disease, 31–34; shortage of, 66, 78–79, 202n5 Beard, Mary, 10–11, 21–22, 143, 145, 215n29 Bederman, Gail, 135, 198n12 Index 228 / index Behdad, Ali, 205–6n39 Belasco, David, 150 Benedict, Ruth, 143 birth control: clinic for, 214n20 birth control activism: cross-national collaboration in, 139; motivation and opportunities for Ishimoto’s, 144–45, 156–58, 170–73, 174, 180–81; response to, 214n19; transformation in, 21–22. See also Ishimoto, Shidzué; Sanger, Margaret British Empire: decline of, 110–13 Broken Blossoms (film, 1919), 35 Burlingame-Seward Treaty (1868), 199n19 Cable Act (1922), 13–14, 200n23 Cameron, Donaldina, 29, 31, 202–3n11 Capra, Frank: illness and vision of, 114; propaganda films of, 133; rerelease of Lost Horizon and, 132, 210–11n20, 211–12n30; themes of, 15, 98, 108, 131, 210n20. See also Lost Horizon Carnegie, Dale, 72–74 censorship: of East Is West, 2–3, 24–25, 201–2n4; of Lost Horizon, 20, 116–18, 210–11n20; of miscegenation portrayals, 46 Chamberlain, Neville, 101, 115–16, 129, 211n27 Chan, Sucheng, 33 Cheng, Lucie, 29–30 China: Japanese invasion of, 160, 174– 76, 179, 215n26; lack of modernity depicted in film, 40–42, 205–6n39; search for Shangri-La in, 209– 10n8; US relations with, 58, 132, 135–36, 190, 199n19; yellow slave trade in, 40–45, 52–54 Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 13–14, 200n23, 204n22 Chinese men: effeminized, inscrutable stereotype of, 124–25; lynch mobs against, 35–36; prostitutes bought and sold by, 29–31; sexual stereotypes of, 6, 34–38, 196–97n7; Westerners led by, 104–5; yellow money of, 53–57. See also Asian men Chinese prostitutes: control and surveillance of, 13, 16, 26, 31, 203–4n21; missionary women’s rescues of, 202–3n11; protest of film about, 201–2n4; sales of, 23–24, 54–57; sexual autonomy of, 2, 16–17, 25–26, 28; as threat to white family, 1–2, 3, 12, 17, 24–25, 28, 29–31, 40, 50–51; white domesticity articulated against, 60–61; women labeled as, 204n24. See also East Is West; Page Law Chinese women: incorporated into US, 59–60; scrutinized for deviancy and disease, 31–34; sexuality of, 27–29, 52–53, 58. See also Asian women; Chinese prostitutes Christianity, 159, 215n25. See also missionaries citizenship, 14, 64, 65–66, 200n23. See also immigration acts Civil Code (Japan, 1898), 169 civilizing mission, 40–42, 105, 205–6n39 class differences: of Asian male immigrants, 17–18, 64–67, 76–77, 84–86, 89–90; women of coal mining areas and, 170–73 Colman, Ronald, 98, 103, 116, 209n3 colonialism: “historical amnesia” of, 110–11; idealization of and nostalgia for, 111–13; Japanese in China, 160, 174–76, 179, 215n26; Japanese in Korea, 11–12, 68, 174–76, 207n9; US in Philippines, 135, 199n20; white male behavior and fantasy in, 127, 213–14n11. See also imperialism commodification: of Asian male immigrants, 71–75; dehumanization in, 86–87; of marriage, 80–81; utopian rejection index / 229 of, 104–8; of women...