Prisons and Patriots: Japanese American Wartime Citizenship, Civil Disobedience, and Historical Memory

Notes

NOTES A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY 1. For an example of another study that does not hyphenate ethnic group names for the same reasons, see Judy Yung, Unbound Feet: A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), ix. For an example of a scholar who disagrees with this interpretation and instead urges scholars to use the hyphenated form “Japanese-American,” see William Hohri, ed., Resistance: Challenging America’s Wartime Internment of Japanese-Americans (Lomita, CA: Epistolarian, 2001), 7–8. 2. U.S. War Relocation Authority, “A Challenge to Democracy,” Washington, DC, 1944. Internet archive, Prelinger Collection, available at www.archive.org/details/Challeng 1944 (accessed September 6, 2010). 3. A Resolution of the National Council of the Japanese American Citizens League to Support the “Power of Words” Proposal Which Relates to Euphemisms and Misnomers in Reference to the World War II Experience of Japanese Americans, adopted by the National Council of Japanese American Citizens League, 2011, available at www.pnwjacl.org/documents/ R-2PowerofWordsresolution-Adopted.pdf (accessed June 19, 2011). See also “Resolution on Terminology,” adopted by the Civil Liberties Public Education Fund, available at www .momomedia.com/CLPEF/backgrnd.html (accessed June 19, 2011); Roger Daniels, “Words Do Matter,” Discover Nikkei, available at www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2008/2/1/ words-do-matter (accessed June 10, 2011); and Aiko Herzig-Yoshinaga, “Words Can Lie or Clarify: Terminology of the World War II Incarceration of Japanese Americans,” Discover Nikkei, available at www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/article/3246/ (accessed June 19, 2011). INTRODUCTION 1. Joe Norikane, diary, 1943–1944. 2. Joe Norikane, interview with the author and Nicole Branton, May 11, 2002, San Francisco, California. 3. Ibid. 4. Gordon Hirabayashi Recreation Site, Coronado National Forest, Arizona. 5. Florencia Mallon, Peasant and Nation: The Making of Postcolonial Mexico and Peru (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Mark Thurner, From Two Republics to One Divided: Contradictions of Postcolonial Nationmaking in Andean Peru (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997); Peter Guardino, Peasants, Politics, and the Formation of Mexico’s National State: Guerrero, 1800–1857 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996). 6. For an introduction to this literature, see Linda Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship (New York: Hill and Wang, 1998). 7. Rogers Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997). 8. Linda Kerber, “The Meanings of Citizenship,” Journal of American History 84 (December 1997): 833. 9. Alice Yang Murray, Historical Memories of the Japanese American Internment and the Struggle for Redress (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008). 10. Eric Muller, Free to Die for Their Country: The Story of the Japanese American Draft Resisters in World War II (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 149. 11. James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985). 12. Peter Irons, Justice at War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983). CHAPTER 1 1. Joe Norikane, Noboru Taguma, Hideo Takeuchi, Ken Yoshida, and Harry Yoshikawa , interview with the author and Peter Taylor, Tucson, Arizona, November 6, 1999. 2. Isami Arifuku Waugh, Alex Yamato, and Raymond Y. Okamura, “Japanese Americans in California,” in Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California (Sacramento : State of California, Department of Parks and Recreation, Office of Historic Preservation , 1988), available at www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/5views/5views4.htm (accessed June 19, 2011). 3. Westminster School District of Orange County, et al., v. Mendez, et al., 161 F .2d 774 (1947); Waugh, Yamato, and Okamura, “Japanese Americans in California.” 4. For a book devoted entirely to the topic of “growing up Nisei,” see David K. Yoo, Growing Up Nisei: Race, Generation, and Culture among Japanese Americans of California, 1924–49 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000). For an introduction to literature on children and adolescents as historical agents, see Eliot West and Paula Evans Petrik, eds., Small Worlds: Children and Adolescents in America, 1850–1950 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1992); and John Modell, Into One’s Own: From Youth to Adulthood in the United States, 1920–1975 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989). 5. Roger Daniels, The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); Mae Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Princeton , NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004); Aristide Zolberg, A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy...