Community, Culture, and Economic Development, Second Edition: Continuity and Change in Two Small Southern Towns

Notes

137 Notes Preface to the Second Edition 1. ACLU letter of nomination of Kenneth Ballard, Clarence Bell, Catherine Brown, Kirkland Hall, and Bess McCallister for the 2011 Roger Baldwin Medal of Liberty. 2. Walters and Smith (1999:77). 3. See Wennersten (1977). 4. Elaborated most notably by Paul Samuelson (1961). 5. Sedlacek and Havel (2011: location 4896, Kindle edition). 6. Samules (2011). 7. Sedlacek and Havel (2011: location 5183, Kindle edition). 8. Elkin (1987), Swanstrom (1985), Stone (1989). 9. Michels (1966). 10. Meredith Ramsay, “The Local Community: Maker of Culture and Wealth,” Journal of Urban Affairs 18, no. 2. (1996:95–118). 11. Mills (1959:3). 12. Shakespeare (1938:1145). 13. U.S. Census Somerset County, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/ 24/24039.html. 14. Ibid. 15. UMES Office of Public Relations, http://www.umes.edu/PR/Article. aspx?id=42035. 16. Personal email message from Kirkland J. Hall Sr. 17. Mills (1959:174). 18. Martin Luther King, Jr., “The Drum Major Instinct,” a 1968 sermon in Washington (1991:259–267). Preface to the First Edition 1. Friere, Paulo (1993). 138 / Notes to Chapter 1 2. “Keep Your Hand on the Plough,” a traditional African American spiritual song. Chapter 1 1. Ellis (1986:2) presents an interesting sociological study of how “these maritime backwater peninsulas and out-of-the-way islands” dealt with impinging forces for social change in the two decades preceding the present study. 2. Wennersten (unpublished:24). 3. Wennersten (1992). 4. Callcott (1985:11). 5. Between 1980 and 1990, the town of Princess Anne witnessed a loss of white population, which was more than offset by an increase in the number of blacks. The total population in the town thus increased from 1,499 to 1,666, with the proportion of blacks rising from 48 to 51 percent. Crisfield also witnessed a loss of white population, but this was not offset by the city’s small increase in the number of blacks. Hence Crisfield’s total population fell from 2,924 to 2,880, and the black population increased from 32 to 35 percent. 6. Somerset County’s per capita income was about 64 percent of the statewide average in 1987. Its twenty-four-month average unemployment rate of 10.1 percent was more than double the statewide average of 4.7 percent for the same period ending in 1988. The county’s five-year unemployment average for the period between 1982 and 1988 was 9.9 percent, while the state’s average during the same period was 4.4 percent. In February 1989, the county’s unemployment figure of 12.9 percent was triple the statewide average of 4.2 percent (UMES, 1989). 7. Falk and Zhou (1989); Picou, Wells, and Nyberg (1978); Sokolow (1981); Summers (1986); Swanson et al. (1979). 8. Peterson (1981). 9. Ibid. 10. Finsterbusch (1992). 11. Staniland (1985). 12. Granovetter (1985). 13. Ibid.; Logan and Swanstrom (1990); Polanyi (1957); Portes and Sensenbrenner (1993); Staniland (1985); and Swanstrom (1993). 14. Little (1989). 15. Stinchcombe (1968). 16. See Stone (1989). 17. Abrams (1982:2). 18. I use Little’s (1989) term instigating events interchangeably with potentially restructuring events. 19. Goulet (1973:326). 20. Ibid. 21. I am indebted to Denis Goulet for suggesting this metaphor. Notes to Chapter 2 / 139 Chapter 2 1. Bluestone and Harrison (1982); Falk and Lyson (1988). 2. Peterson (1981). 3. Fainstein et al. (1983); Logan and Molotch (1987); Logan and Swanstrom (1990); Mollenkopf (1983); Molotch (1976, 1993); Smith (1984); Stone and Sanders (1987); Stone (1989, 1993); Swanstrom (1985); Whitt (1982). 4. Polanyi (1957). 5. Staniland (1985:49). 6. While it has been useful in some cases to explain the causes of rural poverty and underdevelopment in the United States in terms of third world development theories (e.g., Billings 1979; Davidson 1990; Gaventa et al. 1990), the social embeddedness argument shows that there are difficulties with using global theories that fail to take local institutions, history, and culture into account when explaining local political responses to market force (Staniland, 1985; Swanstrom 1993). 7. Hunter (1953). 8. Ibid.; Dahl (1961); Banfield and Wilson (1963); Wolfinger (1974). 9. See also Domhoff (1978), Harvey (1973), and Polsby (1980). 10. Elkin (1987), Stone (1987, 1989), and Swanstrom (1985) are the main architects of urban-regime theory. 11. See Stone (1994) and Swanstrom (1985). 12. Elkin (1987). 13. Stone (1987, 1989, 1993). 14. DeLeon (1992). 15. Swanstrom (1991:42). Swanstrom’s...