Systems of Violence, Second Edition: The Political Economy of War and Peace in Colombia

Notes

Notes 253 INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW EDITION 1. Paul Collier, Anke Hoeffler, and Måns Söderbom, “On the Duration of Civil War,” Journal of Peace Research 41, no. 3 (2004): 253–273. 2. James Fearon, “Why Do Some Civil Wars Last So Much Longer than Others?” Journal of Peace Research 41, no. 3 (2004), 275–302. CHAPTER 1 The Contours and the Theory 1. This homicide rate per hundred thousand is based on 25,505 homicides registered in 2000 in a country with a population of 40 million. The homicide figure was published in Medecina Legal Annual Report, Bogotá, Colombia, Jan. 2001. 2. Such as Gonzalo Sanchez, Guerra Y Politica en La Sociedad Colombiana (Bogotá: El Ancora Editores, 1991); Charles Berquist, Ricardo Penaranda, and Gonzalo Sanchez, eds., Violence in Colombia: The Contemporary Crisis in Historical Perspective (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 1992); Gonzalo Sanchez, Bandoleros, Gamonales Y Campesinos (Bogotá: El Ancora Editores, 1992); Eduardo Pizarro Leongómez, Insurgencia sin Revolucion: La Guerrilla Colombia en una Perspectiva Comparada (Bogotá: Tercer Mundo/IEPRI, 1996); Alfredo Molano, Trochas y Fusiles (Bogotá: Ancora, 1994); Alvaro Camacho and Alvaro Guzman Barney, Colombia Ciudad y Violencia (Bogotá: Ediciones Foro Nacional, 1990); Francisco Leal Buitrago, El Oficio de La Guerra (Bogotá: Tercer Mundo/IEPRI, 1994); Daniel Pecaut, “Presente, Pasado, Futuro de la Violencia,” Analyisis Politico, no. 30 (1997): 3–36; German Guzman, Orlando Fals Borda, and Eduardo Umana Luna, La Violencia en Colombia (Bogotá: Punta de Lanza, 1977); Malcolm Deas and Fernando Gaitán, Dos Ensayos sobre La Violencia en Colombia (Bogotá: FONADE-DNP, 1995). David Bushnell makes an important distinction between violence in the last century and the violence of the 1940s. Violence in the 1980s and 1990s is a “third wave” because it can be distinguished from the preceding period of violence (1946–1966) and 254 Notes its ramifications. See Bushnell, “Politics and Violence in Nineteenth Century in Colombia,” in Violence in Colombia: The Contemporary Crisis in Historical Perspective, ed. Charles Bergquist, Ricardo Penaranda, and Gonzalo Sanchez (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 1992), p. 12. 3. Michael Renner et al., Vital Signs 1999: The Environmental Trends that Are Shaping Our Future (New York: Norton, 1999), pp. 112–114. 4. Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 5. See also Skocpol, Social Revolution in the Modern World (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Timothy P. Wickman-Crowley, Guerrillas and Revolutions in Latin America: A Comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes since 1956 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992); John Foran, ed., Theorizing Revolution (London: Routledge, 1996); Cynthia McClintock, Revolutionary Movements in Latin America: El Salvador’s FMLN and Peru’s Shining Path (Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 1998). 5. Nazih Richani, “The Political Economy of Violence: The War System in Colombia,” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 39, no. 2 (Summer 1997): 37–81; and Nazih Richani, “The Political Economy of Rent Extraction: The Crisis of the War System in Colombia,” Journal of Conflict Studies (Fall 2001). 6. See Edward Azar, The Management of Protracted Social Conflicts: Theory and Cases (Boston, MA: Dartmouth Publishing, 1990), p. 7. 7. For example, see Louis Kriesberg, Terrel A. Mothrup, and Stuart J Thorson, Intractable Conflicts and Their Transformation (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1989); I. William Zartman, ed., Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution , 1995); Roy Licklider, ed., Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End (New York: New York University Press, 1993); Barbara F. Walter, “The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement,” International Organization 51, no. 3, (1997): 335–364; David Keen, The Economic Functions of Violence in Civil Wars, Adelphi Paper 320 (London: IISS, 1998); Mats Berdal and David Keen, “Violence and Economic Agendas in Civil Wars: Some Policy Implications,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 26, no. 3, (1997): 795–818; Jean François and Jean Christophe Rufin, eds., Econonie des Guerres Civiles (Paris: Foundacion pour les Etudes de Defense, 1996); Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, “On the Economic Causes of Civil War,” Oxford Economic Papers 50 (1998); and Paul Collier, Anke Hoeffler, and Måns Söderbom, “On the Duration of Civil Wars,” paper, World Bank (1999); Ibrahim Elbadawi, “Civil Wars and Poverty: The Role of External Interventions, Political Rights and Economic Growth,” paper, World Bank (1999); Lincoln P. Bloomfield Notes 255 and Allen Moulton, Managing International Conflict: From Theory to Policy...