Issues in Military Ethics: To Support and Defend the Constitution

Notes

Notes 2. Reflections on the Stockdale Legacy This chapter is a slightly edited and modified version of the Twenty-fifth Annual Stockdale Symposium Lecture at San Diego, sponsored by the Naval ROTC units of the University of San Diego and San Diego State, and both universities. 1. James B. Stockdale, Thoughts of a Philosophical Fighter Pilot (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1995), 95. 2. Epictetus, Enchiridion, XVII. 3. Ibid., III. 4. http://www.homeofheroes.com/moh/citations_living/vn_n_stockdale. html. 5. Quoted in James C. Collins, Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap . . . and Others Don’t (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), 85. 6. cape.army.mil. 7. Stockdale, Thoughts of a Philosophical Fighter Pilot, 31–32. 8. Plato, Republic, Book 4. 9. Stockdale, Thoughts of a Philosophical Fighter Pilot, 171. 10. Ibid., 170. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid., 171. 13. Ibid., 189. 3. The Day the World Changed? Reflections on 9/11 and U.S. National Security Strategy 1. http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB147/clarke%20 memo.pdf. 2. The parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the party or parties so attacked by tak237 238 Notes to Chapter 4 ing forthwith, individually and in concert with the other parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. 3. http://www.nato.int/docu/pr/2002/p02-003e.htm. 4. Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations , 3rd ed. (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 81. 5. Needless to say, the realities of the UN system in delivering on that promise are not such as to inspire confidence. But the legal point is important nonetheless when we come to assess the justifications offered for the military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq. 6. Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars, 61–62. 7. See, for example, the advice on Iraq from the British attorney general, http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/document/2003/0307advice.htm, and also the opinion of then-secretary general of the United Nations, Kofi Anan, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3661134.stm. 8. It is important to note, of course, that these commitments are not well integrated with the older state sovereignty system. The result is great confusion both in theory and in practice when real cases that appear to require such interventions arise. The inability of the UN and the international system generally to rise to effective action regarding the Darfur region of the Sudan is only the most recent of a depressing chain of such examples. 9. Thomas P. M. Barnett, The Pentagon’s New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-first Century (New York: Berkley Books, 2005). 10. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/63562.pdf. 11. 2002 NSS, section 5. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. A very helpful and careful analysis of the differing accounts of that justification and what makes it different from the perspective of military ethics that one focuses on is found in Richard Miller’s excellent piece, “Justifications for the Iraq War Examined,” Ethics and International Affairs 22, no. 1 (Spring 2008): 43–67. 4. The Revolt of the Generals: A Case Study in Professional Ethics 1. Don M. Snider and Lloyd J. Matthews, The Future of the Army Profession, 2nd ed., revised and expanded (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2005). 2. See Snider’s first chapter in Future of the Army Profession (3–38) for a full discussion of the profession-bureaucracy tension in the Army organization. 3. It is a phrase General Sheinseki used with great frequency. One example is found at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/future/interviews/shinseki .html. 239 Notes to Chapter 4 4. Richard H. Kohn, “Out of Control: The Crisis in Civil-Military Relations ,” The National Interest, no. 35 (Spring 1994): 3–17. See also Marybeth Peterson Ulrich, “Infusing Normative Civil-Military Relations Principles in the Officer Corps,” in The Future of the Army Profession, pp. 655–82. Martin L. Cook, “The Proper Role of Professional Military Advice...