Fighting Colonialism with Hegemonic Culture: Native American Appropriation of Indian Stereotypes

Index

Index 217 Abshire, May, 37 Activism: attempts to make EuroAmericans pay for past injustice through, 88; indigenous, 122, 123; native, 11; Red Power Movement and 10, 16, 21–25, 182, 185, 186, 195; resulting from relocation programs, 21 Akwesasne, 4, 139–145 Alcatraz Island: occupation of, 23, 24, 184 Alcohol use, 62–64 Alert Concerning the Abuse and Exploitation of American Indian Sacred Traditions, 58 Alexie, Sherman, 129 Alienation, ethnic, 22 Allen, Richard, 54 Amaranth, 115, 124 American Indian Express Card T-shirt, 2, 5, 8, 79, 81, 82, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 103, 182, 185 American Indian Movement (AIM), 13, 15–43, 186; ability to use news media to dramatize Indian protests, 24; assists Circle of Elders, 54; creation of hybrid indigenous space by, 22; development of spirituality and warriorhood in, 13, 16, 17, 27, 28; favors sense of Indianness, 22; focus shift to national and intertribal issues, 22; formation of, 21, 22; influx of Vietnam War veterans in, 40; initial goals of, 22; media coverage of, 27, 28, 38–41; membership, 26, 42; as militant organization, 24, 27; opposition to Euro-American co-optation of spirituality, 57, 58; opposition to stereotyped songs about Native Americans, 60; portrayal of selves as stereotypical Native Americans, 26; protests over sacred pipe use, 77; “Remember Wounded Knee” call, 32; significance of sacred pipes to, 23; stress on spirituality, 22; urban beginnings of, 12, 22; use of popular Indian images by, 15–43; use of Savage Reactionary image, 25–28; Vietnam War veterans in, 17 American Indian Youth Against Tobacco Exploitation (AIYATE), 45, 74, 75, 76 American Prairie Foundation, 175 Andreas, Mary Ann Martin, 84 Andrews, Lynn, 58 Anishinaabe people, 4, 45, 60, 78, 124 Apache people, 152 218 Index Arapaho people, 88, 93, 95 Arbuckle, John, 40 Arctic Akwe water, 145 AriZona Beverage Company, 62 Arizona Power Authority (APA), 163 Arnberger, Robert, 159, 164, 165 Assimilation: efforts, 6, 12, 18; as government goal, 8, 12, 18; structural violence of, 84 Assimilation Era, 12 Assiniboine people, 128 Aunt Jemima, 105, 109, 130 Badlands National Park, 168, 175–178, 179, 180; division over future uses of, 176, 177; return of portion to Lakota people, 175, 176 Banks, Dennis, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 38 Barnes, Tommy, 58 Battle of Little Bighorn (1876), 88–94; as attempt to force nonreservation Native Americans to heed government regulations, 88; role of Sun Dance in, 88–94 The Battle of the Greasy Grass. See Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) Baudrillard, Jean, 1 Baylor, Tim, 25, 27, 32, 38, 42 Beans, appaloosa, 124 Bear River Massacre, 70 Bear Tribe, 50–53 Bear Tribe Medicine Society, 51, 54 Bellecourt, Clyde, 23, 26 Bellecourt, Vernon, 60 Bender, Emmett, 157 Benteen, Frederick (Battle of Little Bighorn), 93 Berkhofer, Robert, 4 Bhabha, Homi, 8, 81, 84, 105, 159 Big Bear Mountain Premium Spring Water, 135, 137, 145–153, 183 Big Foot, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104 Biolsi, Thomas, 66, 67, 68, 85, 137, 183, 184 Bird Brother (Barton Stone), 55, 56, 78 Bison. See Buffalo Black Elk, 166, 182 Black Elk, Wallace, 48, 92, 96 Black Hills: confiscation of from Sioux, 111; for future United States government military posts, 89; Ghost Dance in, 98; gold rush in, 89; mapped by Custer, 89; as sacred ground to Lakota Nation, 89; seizure from Lakota people, 24; Stronghold in, 98, 99, 177 Bodmer, Karl, 93 The Body Shop, 125 Bonney, Rachel, 27, 28 Bowekaty, Malcolm, 67, 71, 72 Bravo, Clay, 161 Bridger, Darren, 114 Brooke, John (Wounded Knee), 99 Buffalo: decline of, 96, 108, 109; as embodiment of sun’s power, 91; establishment of captive herds during legal slaughter, 174; following for ceremonial journey , 90, 91; importance of, 108, 171–172; intentional slaughter of, 36, 108, 109, 168; Native American reliance on, 90; “New Messiah” and, 96; origins of, 96; reemergence of, 13, 166, 168, 173–174, 183; reliance on, 108, 171–172; structural violence in intentional slaughter of by United States government, 108, 109 219 Index Buffalo Commons, 168, 169, 172–175 Bunten, Alexis, 46 Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA): Adult Vocational Training Program , 18; dissatisfaction with policies of leading to Wounded Knee II, 39; propaganda used by to pressure Native Americans, 18; relocation programs, 18, 19; schools, 112, 113 Bush, George W., 142, 144 Business, Native American owned: American Indian Express Card T-shirt, 2, 5, 8, 79, 81, 82, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 103; Big Bear Mountain Premium Spring...