301 INDEX INDEX 301 NOTE: In this index, “mortality” refers to the state of finitude of life in which all humans find themselves at all times; “death” refers to the moment of the end of life and the events surrounding it. Abram, David, 224n57 activity, skillful, 193, 209–210, 214, 216, 217, 223n45 Adams, Robert, 150n27 afterlife: bureaucracy in, 17, 20, 32, 91, 97–98, 100–103, 130; Buddhist understandings of, 286; correspondence to world of the living, 102; dangers in, 38, 42, 76, 103; democratic, 253; diversity of understandings of, 1, 7–8, 32, 38, 86, 95, 104; Han-period understandings of, 87–88; hierarchy in, 17, 18, 20, 27, 97–98, 238, 240; historical sources on, 87; and human agency, 254–255; as journey, 4, 38, 71–72, 74–75, 82n80, 88–93, 95–96, 106n16, 108n42, 108n45, 130; and justice, 32, 85–86, 90, 104, 110n49, 139, 146; Kongzi’s understanding of, 139, 142; nonChinese understandings of, 1, 19, 86, 137, 249–256, 264–267; in oraclebone inscriptions, 18, 96; location of (see under soul); as merging with cosmos, 229, 238; pre-Buddhist understandings of, 4, 13–33, 31, 32, 85–105; purposes of belief in, 32, 44; resurrection, 97; sages and, 229, 238, 242; skepticism about, 192, 193–194, 257–258; and social class, 8, 18, 100–101; and social mobility, 17; as stasis, 4; taxation, 27, 100; Zhuangzi’s understanding of, 109n49, 110n49, 192, 193–194. See also Dark City; heaven; Mount Tai; other worlds; soul; Yellow Spring agency, human: and afterlife, 254–255; as influencing death (see ming 命 [allotment]: human agency); limits of, 185–187, 211; and timeliness, 186, 189n13 Akins, Zoë (1886–1958), 220n21 Allan, Sarah, 79n29 Allinson, Robert, 222n42 allotment of life. See ming 命 Analects (Lunyu): and death, 5–6, 139–142, 149n21, 158; and ming 命 (allotment of life), 180–187; and mortality, 5–6, 138–147; and mourning, 140–141 ancestor worship, 96, 130, 131, 226– 227, 230, 240–242, 244–245, 246 animals, death of, 149n13 archaeology, mortuary. See under tombs Ariès, Philippe (1914–1984), 173n11 Aristotle, 149n19 artificiality. See ren 人 asceticism, 259 attachment: in Buddhism, 258–260, 263–264; in Daoism, 275; to ideals, 259–262 Bao Xian 包咸 (ca. 6 b.c.e.–ca. 65 c.e.), 182 Baoshan 包山, Hubei, 96–97, 178–179 302 INDEX “barbarian” cultures, 133n5 Becker, Ernest, 147n1 belief, religious, 253–255 benevolence, in Zhuangzi, 207, 221n34 Benson, Hugh, 173n8 Berling, Judith, 222n43, 224n58 Bo Niu 白牛, death of, 139–140, 146, 173n13, 180–181 Bo Yi 伯夷 and Shu Qi 叔齊, 141 body: in depictions of afterlife, 56–57, 74; relationship to cosmos, 4; and the self, 224n58; and space, 62, 74–77; and temporality, 224n58; in underworld, 48–49; and yin and yang, 62–67, 69–70, 74 Bokenkamp, Stephen R., 86, 87 Book of Changes. See Yijing Book of History. See Shujing Book of Odes. See Shijing brain, 251–252 Brashier, Kenneth, 106n13, 247n2 breath cultivation, 52–56, 61, 64–69, 73, 83n87 Buddha, 262, 266, 279–280 Buddhism: arrival in China, 4, 85–86, 109n49; and afterlife, 286; awakening, 258–259, 262–265; Chan 禅, 8, 157, 222n41, 250, 257, 262, 268n15, 286, 290; dialogue with Neo-Confucianism, 8, 274, 279–280, 281–286; and dvi-satya (two truths), 286; heavens and hells in, 32, 85–86, 90; hierarchy in, 268n15; and idealism, 288; Lotus Sutra, 257; middle way, 262, 286; monasticism, 268n15; and nirvana, 286, 290; practices, 265–267; and pragmatism, 249–250; and Pure Land, 286; and samsara (cycle of life and death), 275, 282, 286, 290; and the self, 222n41, 259, 262, 283–284; understandings of death and mortality, 272, 275, 279–280, 283–284, 287, 290; Yamas, 105n2. See also attachment; desires bureaucracy: in afterlife, 17, 20, 32, 91, 97–98, 100–103; among spirits and deities, 180; effect on understandings of afterlife, 20 buren 卜人 (diviners), 42 burial practices: extravagance criticized, 28; hierarchy and, 3; modern, 35n37; “proper,” 28–29; royal, 18, 22–23; social status and, 3, 14–15, 17, 30–31, 95, 113n60, 113n63. See also coffins; ritual; tombs burial site, 26, 42, 104 Buzhou 不周 (mythical place), 105n10 Cangshan 蒼山, Shandong, 91–92 Chang’e 嫦娥, 21–22, 57 Chen Huang 陳鍠, 79n33 Chen Songchang 陳松長, 112n57 Chen Zhi 陳直, 112n57 Cheng Hao 程顥 (1032–1085), 274, 275, 276, 290 Cheng Yi 程頤 (1033–1107), 149n17 Christianity, 211, 223n51 Chuci 楚辭 (Songs of Chu; Songs of the South), 19, 76, 86, 89, 110n49, 110n50, 179 Cicero (106–43 b.c.e.), 220n21 clothing, in soul-summoning...