Questioning Nineteenth-Century Assumptions about Knowledge, III: Dualism

Index

181 I N D E X Action: collective, 3; controlling consequences of, 162–163; dualism and, 39; philosophy of, 140; practical synergism and, 140; precursors to, 69 “After Dualism” (Pickering), 2 Agency, 172; autonomous, 74; in brain, 69; dance of, 58, 61, 62, 63; human/ nonhuman, 55, 58, 59; vs. structure, 166 Alchemy, 52 Allende, Salvador, 78 Allison, Truett, 119 Altruism, 119, 137, 144; defining, 114–115; evolution and, 114–115; handicap principle and, 140; infliction of evil and, 139; irrationality of, 138; problematic, 139, 140; punishment for violation of social norms and, 115, 136 Anomism, 169 Architecture: adaptive, 77, 84n19; conventional , 77; interactive, 147 Arendt, Hannah, 153, 159, 160, 162, 164n4 Aristotle, 140 Artificial intelligence, 3, 69, 122, 156, 161; ambiguity in, 19; defining, 19; dualist ontology in, 69; manipuation of symbols in, 69; modernity and, 70; primitive version of dualist self in, 69; robotics, 70 Artificialism, 162 Arts, 75–77 Ashby, Ross, 3, 70, 78, 170 Asimov, Isaac, 149 Atlan, Henri, 155, 156 Automata, 128–130, 147 Autonomy, 42; of subject positions, 42 Bateson, Gregory, 71, 72, 73 Baumer, Franklin, 130 Beat generation, 74 Becoming, 67 Beer, Stafford, 3, 77, 78, 79, 84n21 Behaviorism, 16, 123, 128 Beliefs: about others, 128; cultural, 124; intuitive, 124; pre-scientific, 124; rationality and, 140; scientific, 50; social causes of, 50; support for cultural ideals and, 124; of those around us, 107 Bergman, Aviv, 37, 97, 102, 140, 141, 142, 176, 179 Biocomputing, 78 Biofeedback, 75, 76 Biotechnology, 4 Bloom, Paul, 108 Boundaries: meaningful, 102; perceptions of, 102 Brain: activity, 113; adaptive, 69, 70; agency in, 69; amygdala, 119; biologically specific powers of, 17; causation of cognitive process and, 17; cause of 182 Brain (continued) sensation and, 131n1; cerebral cortex in, 114; cognitive, 69; communication and, 112; complex nature of, 20, 117; complex physicality of, 109; current knowledge of, 78; effects of damage to, 119; electromechanical models and, 69; embodied, 131n1; evolution of, 116; function of different areas of, 113; imaging techniques and, 25; influence on decisions and behavior, 114; inner properties, 71; metaphorical, 115–117; methods of investigation of, 20; modeling of, 69; nondualist conception of, 70, 71; occurrence of experience in, 21; pain as sensation in, 116; perception switches in, 21; performative, 69, 71; processes causing consciousness, 2, 6, 12, 13, 14; production of emotional responses and, 114; representational, 71; reshaping through culture/deliberate action, 120; science, 69–71; slow progress in research on, 20–22; structure, 114; superior temporal sulcus region, 119, 120; tools to see functions of, 112 Broderick, Damien, 157, 158 Brooks, Rodney, 70 Brown, Warren, 120 Bubble Chamber, 53–56, 58, 83n10, 91 Buddhism, 43, 44 Burroughs, William, 74 Bush, George, 178 Callon, Michel, 51 Canto-Sperber, Monique, 155 Caraça, João, 39, 40, 92, 149 Carr, Laurie, 118 Causality, 40, 139; of consciousness, 2, 12, 13; emergence from discrete systems , 67; laws of, 35; physical, 38 Chalmers, David, 110, 117 Chatterbots, 125 Chinese Room argument, 17 Churchland, Paul, 132n6 Cloning, 172 Cloud chamber, 53, 56 Colloquy of Mobiles (Pask), 76, 77 Common-sense, 51 Communication: complexity of, 105; computer mediated, 105; conveying experience to others, 117; direct brain stimulation and, 112; direct channels of, 118; imperfect, 141, 171; machine, 132n8; as process of translation and reinterpretation, 132n7 Complexity, 2, 67, 68, 100; ability to comprehend, 36–37; complication and, 167, 168; dualism and, 2; of human communication, 105; linguistic tools for explanation, 37; of machines, 121; organic-scale, 121; situation in academic world, 70; of social bodies, 101; unchaining, 162–164; unexpected happening and, 103 Computation, 17, 18, 19 Computational theory, 28 Computational Theory of the Mind, 16 Consciousness: altered states of, 81; being in the world and, 45; binocular rivalry experiments and, 20, 21; biologicalnaturalistic view of, 14; blindsight research on, 21; building block model of, 20; causal functioning of, 2, 12, 13, 183 25–27; causal/ontological reduction, 23; caused by brain process, 2, 6, 12, 13, 14; collective, 79; computer modeling and, 17; correlates of, 14; cosmic, 121; creating, 22; defining, 9, 43; differentiation of, 45; difficulty in explaining, 120; dreams as form of, 9; dualism and, 2; as effect of brain activity, 109; as emergent property of molecular/ neurological structures, 37; emotional responses to stimuli and, 114; essence of, 44; everyday, 43; existence of, 6, 8, 11, 14; experience of, 108; experimental testing for, 6, 7; first person/third person perspective, 9, 12, 23, 28, 46; forms of...