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Notes 1. Origins I. Max L. Margolis and Alexander Marx, A History of the jewish People (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1956), p. 694. 2. Actually, Eastern European Jews had been coming to America since early Colonial times, but they had had little effect on the demography and character of American Jewry. See Henry L. Feingold, Zion in America (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1974), p. 113. 3. Elias Tcherikower, ed., Thf Early jfwish Labor MOt/fmmt in thf Unitfd Statfs, translated and revised by Aaron Antonovsky (New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 1961), p. 106. 4. This thesis is developed by Esther 1.. Panitz in "The Polarity of American Jewish Attitudes toward Immigration (1870-1891)," Amfrican jfu'ish Historical QuartalJ 53. 2 (December 1963): 99-130; reprinted in Abraham J. Karp, ed., Thf jfU'ish ExpfTimCf in Amaica (New York: Ktav Publishing House, 1969), vol. 4, pp. 31-62. The restrictionist attitude of the American Jewish leadership was abandoned, however, after 1891. See Esther L. Panitz, "In Defense of the Jewish Immigrant (1891-1924)," AmericanjfU/ish Historical QuartfT/.Y 55. 1 (September 1965): 57-97; reprinted in Abraham J. Karp, ed., The jfU'ish Experimcf in l\merica (New York: Ktav Publishing House, 1969), vol. 5, pp. 23-63. 5. In 1922, its name was changed to the Jewish Agricultural Society. Other immigrant groups, such as the Italians, organized similar agricultural colonies for the purpose of encouraging their people to leave the slums of the large cities. Most of these ventures, however, came to nothing. See Humbert S. Nelli, The Italians in Chicago, 1880-1930: A Stud)' in Ethnic .'vIobility (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), pp. 15-19. 6. Samuel Joseph, History ofthe Baron de Hirsch Fund (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1935), p. 204. 7. Edmund J. James, et aI., The Immigrallt jeU' in America (New York: B. F. Buck and Co., 1907), pp. 369-370. 8. Joseph, History of the Baroll df Hirsch FUlld, p. 41. 196 NOTES 9. Jacob H. Schiff to Paul Nathan, December 28, 1904, Schiff Papers, Box No. 20. 10. Morris D. Waldman to David M. Bressler, July 24, 1905; Bressler to Industrial Removal Office, July 27, 1905, JIIB Papers. 11. Yehuda Slutsky, "Dr. Max Mandelstamm," He-Avar (a Hebrew periodical on the history of Jews and Judaism in Russia, published in Tel Aviv), Issue no. 4 (1956), pp. 56-76; Issue no. 5 (1957), pp. 44-68. 12. The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Series A (Letters), Meyer W. Weisgal, general editor (London: Oxford University Press, 1971; 1972), volume II, biographical index, s.v. Jochelman, David S.; volume III, letter no. 124 (Weizmann to Ben-Zion Mossinson, November 27, 1903). Jochelmann 's obituary appears in The Jtwish Chronicle, July 18, 1941, p. 17. A reference to Jochelmann's initial organization of the ITO is found in Joseph Leftwich, Israel Zangwill (London: James Clarke & Co., Ltd., 1957), p. 219. Further information was obtained from Dr. Jochelmann's two surviving daughters, Mrs. Fanny Cockerell of London and Mrs. Sonia Benari of Ramat Gan, Israel, and from the latter's husband, Dr. Yehuda Benari. 13. In a sense, this prediction was partially fulfilled during the early years of World War I, when the Jewish population of Palestine was reduced by about one third, as a result of hardship, emigration, and expulsion by the Turks. The Turkish government launched a fierce attack upon the entire Zionist effort in Palestine and might have expelled the bulk of the Jewish population, but for various political considerations. See Howard M. Sachar, The Emergence of the Middle East: 1914-1924 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), pp. 193-194. See also Israel Cohen, The Turkish Persecution of the JtwS (London: Alabaster, Passmore and Sons, 1918). 14. From a speech delivered at Derby Hall, Manchester, April 1905, found in Israel Zangwill, Spfl'ches, Articles and Letters, selected and edited by Maurice Simon (London: The Soncino Press, 1937), p. 212. Apparently, Zangwill had uttered these phrases before, for they are also found in The Maccabean (December 1904), p. 280, as quoted by Marnin Feinstein, American Zionism 1884-1904 (New York: Herzl Press, 1965), p. 274. 15. After the Balfour Declaration of 1917, when the idea of Palestine as a Jewish homeland gained international recognition, the ITO became anachronistic, and it was formally disbanded in 1925. See the Encyclopaedia Judaica, s.v. "Territorialism." 16. Cyrus Adler, Jacob H. Schiff: His Life and LetteTS (New York: Doubleday , 1928), vol. 2, p...

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