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Glossary Every Hebrew or Yiddish word has been translated or defined at its first appearance in the text. For easy reference, the following list includes terms that appear more than once. bar/bat mitzva (Hebrew): son/daughter of the commandment; a boy or girl reaches this stage, usually at the age of thirteen, when a ceremony formalizes passage into adult Jewish responsibility bima (Hebrew): raised platform in front of the sanctuary; location for the lectern, ark, and its Torah scrolls chavura (Hebrew): fellowship group cheder (Yiddish): school Diaspora (Greek): the dispersion or scattering of the Jewish people from the land of Israel following the Exile Halacha (Hebrew): "the way"; the corpus of Jewish law Haskala (Hebrew): the Jewish Enlightenment kehilla (Hebrew): "community"; organ of communal self-government in pre-Emancipation Jewish social life maski] (Hebrew): "enlightened one"; refers to the Jew who embraced the Jewish Enlightenment menora (Hebrew): ritual candelabrum mitzva (Hebrew): commandment Oneg Shabbat (Hebrew): celebration of the Sabbath following services 141 142 GLOSSARY Shabbat (Hebrew); the Sabbath Shema (Hebrew); central prayer, asserting the unity of God shtetls (Yiddish); small towns in Eastern Europe where Jews frequently constituted a significant part of the population shuckling (Yiddish); swaying in prayer Talmud (Hebrew); the codified oral law, along with rabbinic commentary and analysis yarmulke (Yiddish); skullcap; worn by traditional Jewish males at all times as a sign of reverence yeshiva (Hebrew); an academy of advanced Jewish learning ...

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