Notes
NOTES PREFACE I. Mark A. Heller and Sari Nusseibeh, No Trumpets. No Drums (New York: Hill and Wang, 1991). 1. TERRITORIALIZATION AND STATE FORMATION I. The distinctions between nation building and national identity, and state building and state formation date back to the works of Peter Nettl, Haans Dalder, Robert Dahl., Val Lorwin, and Stein Rokkan, all of whom distinguished between the "stateness ," and "nation-ness" of pluralist states in Western Europe. For a discussion of this distinction, see Stein Rokkan, "Center Formation, Nation-Building and Cultural Diversity : Report on a UNESCO Programme," in S. N. Eisenstadt and Stein Rokkan, eds., Building States and Nations, vol. I (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1973), 18. 2. On the importance of the diaspora experience in the cultivation of la negritude and more radical Africanist ideologies, see Michael C. Lambert, "From Citizenship to Negritude, 'Making a Difference' in Elite Ideologies of Colonized Francophone in West Africa," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 35.2 (April 1993): 247-51; for the contribution of Lebanese emigres to the development of a secular Lebanese nationalism, see Meir Zamir, The Formation ()f Modern Lehanon (London: Croom Helm, 1985), 23. An even stronger case can be made for the Algerian experience. The first Algerian nationalist party, L'Etoile Nord-Africaine, was founded in Paris in 1926, ten years before the establishment of the branch in Algeria, which one year later was renamed Parti du Peuple Algerien. Charles-Robert Ageron, Modern Algeria: A History from 1830 to the Present (Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1993),93-94. Emigres comprised twelve out of the twenty-three delegates of the first Syrian-Arab Congress, held in Paris in 1913. Eliezer Tauber, The Emel;r:ence of the Arah National Movements (London: Frank Cass, 1993), 185-86. 3. For a cogent argument that the world is heading toward a postterritorial era, see John Gerard Ruggie, "Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations," International Organi::ation47.1 (Winter 1993): 139-47. Recall, however, that John Herz predicted the demise of the territorial state in 1957, only to apologize for his rashness ten years later. At that time, the nuclear stalemate was supposed to have rendered territoriality obsolete. See John L. Herz, "Rise and Demise 155 156 COUNTDOWN TO STATEHOOD of the Territorial State," World Politics 9.4 (July 1957): pp. 473-93. Today the phenomenon is linked to international economic integration and information systems. The problem with Ruggie's argument is that the impact of these forces are not evenly distributed across the globe, and perhaps in the case of Eastern Europe their effects are almost deliberately withheld, so that one may assume that where they are weak, the territorial state as an institutional feature will remain and so will the conflicts between national movements and jealous ethnically based nation states. 4. Laurie A. Brand's Palestinians in the Arah World: Institution Building and the Search .If)/' State (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988) is an excellent demonstration of state building failure in diaspora, although this is not a point explicitly made by the author. 5. For a discussion both of the sanctuary state as a general concept and in its specific Palestinian context, see Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival: The PLO in Lehanon (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1990). 6. The territorial imperative is the outcome of a world divided into sovereign nation states. "With the disappearance of 'nonstate, semistate, or pseudostate areas of the world,' every state is embedded in a system of coordinate territorial states.... Jointly, these territorial jurisdictions exhaust the inhabitable surface of the earth." Rogers Brubaker, Citi:enship and Nationhood in France alld Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), 26. Therefore. diaspora movements can only achieve recognition if they prevail in a given territory, because territory becomes "the ultimate object of political life." James Mayall, Nationalism alld International Society, Cambridge Studies in International Relations 10 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993), 19; see also Anthony Giddens. The Nation State alld Violence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 172; Peter Sahlins. Boundaries: The Making oj' France and Spain in the Pyrenees (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 61-63. and on territorialization of rule, 78-89, 93-97, 168-70, and 190-92. 7. 'The idea which I have developed in this pamphlet is an ancient one: It is the restoration of the Jewish State." So began the pamphlet Herzl addressed to the Rothschilds which he wrote feverishly in five days in February 1896. See Arthur Hertzberg, The Zionist Idea...
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