Rivalry and Alliance Politics in Cold War Latin America

Notes

n o t e s Chapter 1 • Explaining Rivalry and Rapprochement in Cold War Latin America 1. See, e.g., Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (New York: Penguin, 1972), 45–46; Stephen Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987); Stephen Rock, Why Peace Breaks Out: Great Power Rapprochement in Historical Perspective (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 6; Deborah Larson, Anatomy of Mistrust: US-Soviet Relations during the Cold War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), 6, 36; Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 349–352; John Owen, “Pieces of Maximal Peace: Common Identities, Common Enemies,” in Stable Peace among Nations, ed. Arie Kacowicz et al. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), 75, 81, 89; Charles Kupchan, How Enemies Become Friends: The Sources of Stable Peace (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010), 2, 33–37. Epigraph citations, respectively, are to Heinrich von Treitschke, Politics, ed. Blanche Dugdale and Torben de Bille, trans. Hans Kohn (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1963 [1916]), 13; and Norman Angell, The Great Illusion: A Study of the Relation of Military Power in Nations to Their Economic and Social Advantage, 3rd ed. (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1911), 312. 2. See Miroslav Nincic, The Logic of Positive Engagement (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011); Jennifer Lind, Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008); Andrew Kydd, Trust and Mistrust in International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 184–244; William Long and Peter Brecke, War and Reconciliation: Reason and Emotion in Conflict Resolution (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003); Stephen Rock, Appeasement in International Politics (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000), esp. 10–15; Tony Armstrong, Breaking the Ice: Rapprochement between East and West Germany, the United States and China, and Israel and Egypt (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1993). 3. Kupchan, How Enemies, especially 390–399. Kupchan also identifies several structural factors, such as the compatibility of social orders, similarity of cultures, and the openness and power diffusion of domestic political institutions, that can induce or impede rapprochement. Rock, Why Peace Breaks Out, maintains that structure routinely trumps leadership. 4. Valuable introductions include Janice Gross Stein, “Image, Identity, and the Resolution of Violent Conflict,” in Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International 210 Notes to Pages 2–4 Conflict, ed. Chester Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2001), 189–208; Herbert Kelman, “Social-Psychological Dimensions of International Conflict,” in Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques, 2nd ed., ed. I. William Zartman (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2007), 61–107. 5. See, e.g., Arie Kacowicz, Zones of Peace: South America and West Africa in Comparative Perspective (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998); Etel Solingen, Regional Orders at Century’s Dawn: Global and Domestic Influences on Grand Strategy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998). 6. William Thompson, “Identifying Rivals and Rivalries in World Politics,” International Studies Quarterly 45, no. 4 (Dec. 2001): 557–586; see Wendt, Social Theory, 258. 7. On escalation, see Russell Leng, Bargaining and Learning in Recurring Crises: The Soviet-American, Egyptian-Israeli, and Indo-Pakistani Rivalries (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000); John Vasquez and Christopher Leskiw, “The Origins and War Proneness of Interstate Rivalries,” Annual Review of Political Science 4, no. 1 (2001): 295–316; on proliferation, Sonali Singh and Christopher Way, “The Correlates of Nuclear Proliferation: A Quantitative Test,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48, no. 6 (Dec. 2004): 859–885. I address alternative definitions of rivalry below. 8. Thompson, “Identifying,” 560; see also Michael Colaresi, Karen Rasler, and William Thompson, Strategic Rivalries in World Politics: Position, Space, and Conflict Escalation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). I discuss alternative rivalry concepts in the research design section, below. 9. Richard Haass, Conflicts Unending: the United States and Regional Disputes (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990); I. William Zartman, “Analyzing Intractability,” in Grasping the Nettle: Analyzing Cases of Intractable Conflict, ed. Chester Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2005). 10. See G. R. Berridge and Alan James, A Dictionary of Diplomacy (New York: Palgrave , 2001), 200; Kupchan, How Enemies, 8–9, 30–31; Gordon Craig and Alexander George, Force and Statecraft: Diplomatic Problems of Our Time, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 248...