501(c)(3) organizations, 7, 13–14, 21, 24, 43–44, 58, 60–61, 70, 87–89, 92, 95, 111, 261 501(c)(4) organizations, 2, 4, 7, 13–14, 47, 87, 89, 92, 94–95 501(c)(6) organizations, 14 501(h) election, 118, 130, 230, 275 9/11. See September 11 attacks AARP, 85 abortion, 148, 155, 159–60 Acar, Muhittin, 68 Addams, Jane, 174 advocacy fields: AIDS/HIV, 148, 155, 159–60; animal welfare, 88, 96, 148; arts/scholarly/cultural, 49–51, 88–89, 92–95, 97–99, 101; civil rights, 3, 22, 69, 85, 137–38, 141, 148, 155, 159–60, 171; community and economic development, 77, 79, 88; disaster relief, 69–70, 77, 88, 146, 158; economic equality, 3, 49–51, 69, 137–42, 145, 148–49, 152; education, 14, 49–51, 54–55, 58, 60–61, 88–89, 92, 95–97, 101, 140, 142; health and welfare, 24, 27, 49–51, 54–55, 58–61, 88–89, 92–99, 101, 114, 148, 155, 160, 181, 191–92; immigrant rights, 68, 144, 148, 151, 155, 159–62, 277; labor, 27, 31, 49–51, 77, 85, 141, 148, 155, 160; legal rights, 77–79, 148, 155, 160; LGBT/Queer, 148, 155, 158–61; mental health, 2, 239; peace, 56, 148, 155, 160, 171, 174–75, 186, 194; professional, 49–51, 54–55, 58–61, 138; racial equality, 3, 9, 85, 137–39, 141–42, 145–48, 155, 159–60; religion, 3, 48–51, 54, 122, 148, 155, 160, 204; senior care, 70, 148, 155, 160, 227; social services, 3–4, 22, 70, 77, 79, 148, 155, 160; sports/ recreation, 49–51; veterans’ services, 88, 96, 161–62; youth development, 77, 79. See also child welfare advocacy; environmental advocacy; gender equality advocacy; human services advocacy advocacy tactics: boycotts, 4, 204; candidate forums, 230–32, 240, 258; citizen mobilization, 7, 63, 149, 156, 176, 209, 218, 228, 241, 255, 279–80; congressional testimony, 171–72, 177–78, 185–86, 189–96; corporate policies, 4, 7, 255; demonstrations , 1, 4–5, 91, 93, 101, 204, 208, 216, 255–57; direct strategies, 5–6, 75–76, 86, 90, 93, 100, 177, 203–4, 218; drafting bills, 91, 93–94, 101; emails, 4, 93, 124, 245, 248, 278–79; indirect strategies, 5–6, 67–69, 74–80, 90, 100, 177, 204; insider strategies, 4–6, 56, 171, 196, 230–33, 249, 283; legal efforts, 2, 255–58; letter writing campaigns, 1, 4, 6, 93–94, 204, 216, 231–32, 256; marches, 4, 208, 216; media interaction, 93, 101, 153–54, 163, 205–6, 219, 231–32, 240, 255, 257–58; meeting attendance, 4–5, 74–75, 93, 100, 116–17, 230–32, 238; newsletters, 31, 116, 230; open houses, 116; outreach activities, 5, 116, 120, 163, 240–41, 255; outsider strategies, 4–6; petitions, 85, 93, 241, 255, 257, 278; public comment, 93, 100, 204, 231–32, 255; public education, 2, 4–6, 59–63, 85, 93, 100, 163, 204, 218, 231–32, 255–56, 265; rallies, 4, 69, 125, 216, 244, 279, 281; research commission , 4, 6, 204, 216, 240, 242, 256–57, 259; sit-ins, 208, 281; social media, 81, 278–82; strikes, 93, 147; voter registration, 231–32, 241, 257–58, 281. See also coalitions affirmative action, 140, 142 Affirmative Advocacy (Strolovitch), 138–40, 142–45 Afghanistan, 137, 159–61 AIDS/HIV advocacy, 148, 155, 159–60 Alexander, Jennifer, 68 index 298 Index Alliance for Connected Communities: assessment of advocacy, 242–45; budget, 225; clients, 225–26; geographic reach, 225–26; indirect advocacy strategies, 231–33, 244; legal status, 226; lobbying, 233–36, 247; membership, 225–28, 237, 241–44, 248; organizational structure, 225–27, 233–34, 241–44, 247–50; organizing constituencies, 231–33, 241–42; origins, 223, 227–29; programming , 225–27, 237, 239, 247; public education efforts , 231–33, 239–41; public official relationships, 236–39; revenue sources, 225–28, 233–34, 239, 244, 247–48; staffing, 225–26, 237, 239, 241–42, 248; survey structure, 224–27 Alliance for Justice, 273, 277 Al Omran, Ahmed, 280 American Academy of Pediatricians, 212 American Association of University Women, 181, 184 American Child Health Association, 216 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 156 American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), 31, 85 American Medical Association, 212 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), 243–45 Amidei, Nance, 268 animal welfare advocacy, 88, 96, 148 antinuclear movements. See peace advocacy Arab Spring, 280–81 Arons, David...