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ndex  285 Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. Abbot, Berenice, 14 Abercromby, Ralph, 143, 198 Abney, William, 63, 203 aesthetics, 156, 194, 222, 239; beauty, 171–73; blurring , 53–54; and “pretty” pictures, 179–81, 187 Agassiz, George Russell, 226 Airy, George, 61, 134, 204 albums: of Amateur Photographic Exchange, 27–30, 145; of Challenger expedition, 139, 198–99; of cloud photography, 145, 149–50; of failed photographs, 59; of family photographs, 39–40, 40; historical significance of, 8 Amateur Photographic Association, 29, 29, 55, 72, 72, 145, 145 amateur photography: democratic appeal of, 98–99; early years of photography, 20–22, 32–33; exchange networks of, 26–31; role in scientific photography, 5, 12–13, 142, 198; satirized, 147–48. See also meteorological photography; spirit photography amateur science, 13, 118, 146, 196; as foundation for early photography, 19–23, 30, 146, 196; as model for “New Journalism,” 115; tensions of, with professional science, 207–8. See also astronomy; meteorology anthropological photography: exhibitions, 9, 195; hopes for, 59–60; and imperialism, 9, 195; pictorial conventions of, 155, 198–99, 199; popularized , 113, 144, 159 antiquarian photography, 30 Antoniadi, Eugène Michael, 231, 232 Arago, François, 5, 67 archaeological photography, 27 Archer, Scott, 22–23 architectural photography, 27 archive, photographic: democratization of, 8, 11; and material culture, 9, 11, 207 Arnold, Matthew, 114–15 art photography, 125 art-science aspects: dualism of photography, 14, 17, 22; and landscape painting, 130–35, 139; scientists as artists, 9, 170, 209. See also aesthetics; “artist’s lightning”; paintings; Pre-Raphaelites “artist’s lightning”: accuracy of, attacked by meteorologists , 126–31, 128–30; examples of, at Royal Academy, 141–42 astronomical photography: building of research collections, 203–6; circulation of, 9, 22–23; planetary photography, 207, 217–19, 237; and scienti fic discovery, 5, 63, 159, 214, 214, 237; scientific value of, 5–6, 196, 200–202, 201–2, 232; technological challenges of, 197, 216; 20th-century developments in, 236, 238–39. See also lunar photography ; solar eclipse photography; stellar photography astronomy, 131, 224; amateur/professional dichotomy of, 213–15, 230–31; as pictorial discipline , 197–98, 204, 209–11. See also astronomical photography astrophysics, 5, 42, 208 Atkins, Anna, 30 atlases, scientific: and canonization of scientific photographs, 6–7, 9, 205; disputed value of, in medical education, 179–81; emphasis on, in studies of historical scientific photographs, 2, 8, 10, 160–61; and mechanical objectivity, 3–4; miscellaneous quality of photographic reproduction in, 182, 189; scientific interest in, 171, 175–77 audiences, 10, 19, 79, 124, 239; and creation of photographic meanings, 79, 194–95, 235, 238, 240; and public trust in photography, 124, 239; scientific appeals to, 182, 184, 224. See also photography authenticity, 12 authority of photographs. See photographs, authority of automatic drawing, 84 Babbage, Charles, 59 Baconianism, 20, 82 bacteria: as scientific sensation, 113, 184–85; skepticism of, 164–65. See also bacteriology; photography of bacteria bacteriology: disciplinary formation of, 160–62, 166; negative public image of, 164–65, 183; public campaign for scientific legitimacy, 188–93, 190 balloon, 23–25, 24–25, 111, 148–49 Barnard, Edward, 205, 216–18 Beale, Lionel, 171–72, 179 Beattie, John, 93, 103 belief, historicizing, 2–4, 9, 70, 124, 235, 239 Benjamin, Walter, 240 Blake, William, 77 Bond, George, 204, 214–15 Bond, W.C., 200 Borderland: coverage of Mars research, 68, 70–71; founding ideals of, 116–19; publicizing of spirit photographs, 120–22. See also Stead, William T. botany. See natural history boundaries, 4, 7, 39, 126; between amateurs and professionals, 124, 230–31 Brand, Stewart, 238 Brewster, David, 21, 71, 134 British Association for the Advancement of Science , 134; Committee on Meteorological Photographs , 154–56; system for using photographs, 55, 57, 61, 150 British Astronomical Association: and drawing culture , 131, 204, 219, 222; founding ideals of, 208–10; satirized, 230–31 British Empire: and astronomy, 209–11; and bacteriology , 162, 182, 191–93; and meteorology, 132, 134–35, 143; photographic display, 195, 198; scienti fic community, 7–8 British Journal of Photography, 30, 43, 104, 107, 109 British science: class dynamics of, 41–42; classification systems, 9, 155; national platforms/prestige, 160–61, 195; professionalization of, 6–7, 19–20, 203; public criticism of, 182–84 Brown Institute, 163 Caithness, Lady Marie, 99, 103 calotype process, 18, 21–22, 32, 54 Calotype Society, 22 camera: Kodak, 99, 146; as object of study, 52–55; as portable laboratory...

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