Addams, Jane, 47–49, 58, 81, 84 adolescents/adolescence: characteristics of male, 128; gender segregation in special education, 95–96, 104–105; in Hall’s Adolescence, 41–42; labor of, 73–74; male culture of, 65–66; masculinity and, 142, 151; mastery of public space and, 65–66; sexual activity and, 127, 146; youth culture and, 139 adoption, 23–24, 27, 28 African Americans: ability testing among youth, 159; academies and classes for boys, 3; boys clubs for, 40, 156; delinquency and, 152–153, 169–176, 182; discrimination in school, 161–162; family structure among, 168–170, 172, 177–178; gangs and, 172–175; Great Migration and, 149–157; hard-to-reach youth, 172–176; masculinity and, 3, 129, 150; race riots and, 64–66, 161–162, 172; racial conflict, 62–66, 153, 172; recreation for youth, 62–66, 156, 172; school achievement of, 178; school attendance of, 71, 73, 160; school segregation, 159; school violence, 90, 162–163; Southern migrants, 157–158, 161, 165; special education, 110–114, 171, 180–182, 184; suspensions and discipline, 3, 183–184; vocational schools, 160. See also Great Migration; Southside Community Committee age grading, 33–34, 72–73, 98, 127–128 Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 41 Alger, Horatio, 17, 25 Allport, Gordon, 179 Americanization, 58 apprenticeship, 15, 19, 29, 160 athletics for boys: baseball, 45–47, 58, 123–124, 139–140, 174–175; basketball, 55–57, 60, 62–63, 65, 139–140; boys’ clubs and, 50, 56–57; gangs and, 61, 133; gymnasiums and facilities for, 56–57, 60; in high school, 59, 70; instinctual basis of, 43, 60, 61; masculinity and, 58; organized sports as solution to boy problem, 39, 59; resistance to competitive athletics, 53; racial and ethnic conflict and, 63–64. See also recreation athletics for girls, 61–62 attention deficit disorder, 103 autism, 103 backwardness, 93–94, 100–105, 111 Baker, Helen Cody, 124 Baker, Ray Stannard, 157 Barnes, Earl, 69 Birth of a Nation (film), 155 Black Belt, 150–156, 165, 170–171 Black Boy (Wright), 149–150 Boston Boys’ club, 52 Boston Children’s Aid Society, 23, 26 Boston Children’s Friends’ Home, 23 Boston House of Reformation, 18–21 Boston Parental School, 80–81 Boston Public Schools: corporal punishment in, 35; disciplinary day school, 81; high school and, 71; intermediate schools and, 32–33; parental school, 80–81; ungraded classes and, 36, 99–100 Bowen, Louise DeKoven, 126–127 boy culture: adolescence and, 139–140; delinquency and, 145; masculinity as component of, 142; mastery of public space as characteristic of, 66; oppositional street culture of, 76–77, 129; role of sexuality in, 147–148 Boyer, Philip Albert, 158–159 boy nature: concept of, 5; Hall’s theory of, 70; nostalgia and, 38; recapitulation thesis and, 41–42; redemption of boys by catering to, 37, 39; Rousseau ’s conception of, in Emile, 39; science and, 40–43; schools and, 70; truancy and, 75–76 boyology, 10, 42 I N D E X 226 Index boys’ clubs: boys’ club movement, 49–56; girls and, 62; recreation, 56–58; reform, 6–7, 10, 39–43; segregation, 155–156, 172; violence, 48, 63 Boys’ Clubs of America, 51 Boy Scouts, 39, 43, 49, 62 boy workers: athletics and, 60; attitudes toward delinquency, 120, 135, 167–168, 174–175; development of profession, 42–43; recapitulation thesis and, 41–42; social control and, 57 Brace, Charles Loring, 14, 22–28 brain science, 4 Bronner, Augusta, 104, 107–108 Brown v. Board of Education, 179 Bubacz, Stephen, 134 Burgess, Earnest, 106 charity schools, 31 Chicago Area Project: African American youth and, 164–172; characteristics of, 130–137; delinquency areas, 131; detached street workers, 132–133; ethnic and racial diversity and, 133–134; gangs approach to, 136–137; immigration and, 131–132, 135; public schools and, 22, 36, 70–71, 74–76, 82–83, 86–87, 91, 96, 99–100, 104–105, 107–109, 112–116; Russell Square Community Committee and, 133; and Shaw, 16, 76, 82, 84, 87, 93, 118–119, 145–146, 148, 164–165 Chicago Boys’ Clubs, 53–57 Chicago Department of Child Study and Pedagogic Investigation, 100 Chicago Juvenile Court, 10, 47–48, 76, 81, 87, 114, 120–122, 124–127, 130 Chicago Parental School, 67, 82–92, 98–99, 168 Chicago Public Schools: Chicago Parental School, 82–92; corporal punishment in, 74–75, 82–83, 87; day schools for boys, 112–117; racism in, 157–160, 162; segregation of boys and girls, 70–71; special education, 86, 91, 96, 99...