Violence after War: Explaining Instability in Post-Conflict States

Index

AAK (Alliance for the Future of Kosovo), 188–89, 212 ABRI/TNI (Indonesian military), 227, 229–31, 236, 247–48 actors: in case studies, 311; custodians of peace, 326n63; in post-conflict states, 8, 54, 75–76; signing of peace settlements by, 12–14, 76–77; static images of, 174, 301, 314. See also insurgencies; international organizations ; military services; police services; targets of attacks ADFL (Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire), 150, 152, 173 Afghanistan: ethnic cleansing in, 323n15; fears of quagmire in, 2–3; geographic variation in violence in, 71–72; as hard security environment , 55; motives for violence in, 34–35; as post-conflict state, 50, 51 Agoglia, John, 273 Ahtisaari, Martti, 184 Albania, 361n135 Albanian Liberation Army (ALA), 191 Albanian National Army (ANA/AKSh), 190–91, 216 Albright, Madeleine, 315 Alkatiri, Mari: as Chief Minister, 233; compromises and, 236; Gusmao and, 237–38; patronage and, 249; Petitioners and, 253; as prime minister, 234, 250; resignation of, 255 Allawi, Ali A., 262, 264 Allawi, Ayad, 278 Alliance for the Future of Kosovo (AAK), 188–89, 212 Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (ADFL), 150, 152, 173 al Qaeda in Iraq, 258, 260, 267, 277–78, 296, 300 Amin, Idi, 154 Amnesty International report on Rwanda, 169–70 ANA/AKSh (Albanian National Army), 190–91, 216 Andreas, Peter, 40–41, 126 Angola, 67, 75 Annan, Kofi, 169, 222 armed conflict: experience of, as shaping postconflict states, 52–55; in Iraq, 282–83, 283. See also civil wars; relapse into armed conflict ; wars Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo (FARK), 190 armed groups: distributional (reward) and policing activities of, 83–84; horizontal alliance of, 311–12; splintering of, 84–87. See also demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration (DDR) of armed groups; specific armed groups arsons: in Bosnia, 125, 130, 135; in Kosovo, 177, 198, 217 Arusha Accords, 143, 147, 151 al-Askari mosque, bombing of, 259, 269, 283, 283, 295–96 Assad, Hafez al-, 312 assassinations: in Kosovo, 211–13; in Rwanda, 166; as strategic violence, 29, 32 attacks on international forces: in Bosnia, 129–30; in Kosovo, 214, 216 i n d e x Note: Page numbers in italics indicate figures and tables. 424 Index Australia, 231–32, 235 Awakening movements, 270 Baath party: dismantling of, 264–65, 273; resistance of, 272–76, 292–93. See also Iraqi army, dissolution of Badme, Ethiopia, 59, 62 Badr Brigades, 280, 301 bargaining: “dirty bargaining,” 56–57; gains between winners and losers in, 338n105; in Iraq, 294–99 Bashota, Sokol, 187 Bildt, Carl, 108 Bizimungu, Pasteur, 147 Bllaca, Nazim, 213 bombings: in Bosnia, 135; in Iraq, 259, 269, 283, 283, 295–96; in Kosovo, 209–11, 218–19 booby-traps in Kosovo, 210 Bose, Sumantra, 105 Bosnia-Herzegovina: as case study, 17; civil war in, 1; crime networks in, 40, 102, 110; criminal violence in, 126–29; Dayton Accords and, 104–8; DDR in, 85, 117–18; direct pathway in, 101–3; ethnic cleansing in, 104, 114, 130–31; explanations for violence in, 136–42; flexibility of institutions in, 92, 103, 106–7, 110, 138; opportunistic violence in, 125–26; opportunity structure in, 103, 137–38; overview of, 99–103; policing resources in, 92, 129–30; post-conflict period in, 100, 108–14; revenge violence in, 122, 124; riots in, 101, 117, 124–25; Rwanda compared to, 18; spoiling strategy in, 312; strategic violence in, 118–19, 120, 121, 122, 123, 136–42. See also Dayton Peace Accords Bremer, L. Paul, 263–65, 266, 268, 272, 301 Bukosi, Bujar, 190 Bush, George W., 1, 257, 270 case studies: datasets for, 16–17; implications of, 307–13, 309, 310; selection of, 17–19, 18. See also Bosnia-Herzegovina; East Timor; Iraq; Kosovo; Rwanda categorical victimization: in Bosnia, 126; in Kosovo, 207, 219; in Rwanda, 163; strategic violence and, 31, 32; types of, 69 Çeku, Agim, 184 charismatic leadership, 82 Cheney, Dick, 257 Christopher, Warren, 99 civil wars: in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1; in Iraq, 259; as relapsed post-conflict states, 78; in Spain, 49–50, 54. See also Reconstruction era CIVPOL (Civilian Police of UNMIK), 176, 183 CNRT (Conselho Nacional de Reconstruçáo de Timor), 228, 235, 236–37, 238, 240, 249–50 Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), 263, 269, 272, 273–74 Cohen, Robin, 151 Colimau 2000, 241, 254, 255 collective intent, 34–36 collective level, expressive violence at, 27–28 combatants, mobilization of, 40 Committee for Popular Defense of Democratic Republic of East Timor (CPD...