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available. That said, Bay Anchovy are taken hundreds of kilometers upstream of the salt water–fresh water interface , warranting their inclusion here; however, no freshwater breeding populations are known. Engraulidae is divided into two subfamilies, Coiliinae and Engraulinae, and occurs primarily in the Atlantic, Paci fic, and Indian Oceans. Coiliinae contains 5 genera and 47 species that are confined to the Indo-Pacific region, and Engraulinae contains 11 genera and 92 species that occur in the Indo-Pacific region and the Western Hemisphere (Grande 1985; Whitehead et al. 1988; Kullander & Ferraris 2003; Nizinski & Munroe 2003; Nelson 2006; Bloom & Lovejoy 2012). Species are divided almost equally between the Indo-Pacific and Western Hemisphere regions: 71 species are recognized currently from the Indo-Pacific Ocean and 68 from the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans. Only two species (both in the genus Engraulis, subfamily Engraulinae ) are known from the eastern Atlantic Ocean. The New World genus Anchoa is the most speciose (35 species ), but genetic analyses indicate it is not monophyletic (Bloom & Lovejoy 2012). Other speciose genera are the Indo-Pacific genera Thryssa (24 species) and Stolephorus (19 species) (Whitehead et al. 1988; Nelson et al. 2004; Bloom & Lovejoy 2012). Most Anchovies live in tropical to warm-temperate marine waters; however, the genus Engraulis exhibits a modified anti-tropical (i.e., bipolar) distribution, occurring in disjunct northern and southern groups (Whitehead et al. 1988; Mecklenburg et al. 2002). However, we emphasize the genus Engraulis is not monophyletic (Bloom & Lovejoy 2012). Although supporting fewer genera (seven), the IndoPaci fic region contains the greatest morphological diversity of Engraulidae. Probably the most extreme in this regard is The Engraulidae (Anchovies) is a member of the order Clupeiformes (Herrings), a taxonomically welldifferentiated group of five families forming one of the more basal groups of teleostean fishes (Nelson 2006). The most distinctive morphological characters of Anchovies are their large mouths and rounded snouts. Anchovies are usually small, silvery, schooling fishes that generally feed on zooplankton (Jones et al. 1978), and some species have a unique system of detecting polarized light that may be used in feeding and schooling (Novales Flamarique & Hárosi 2002). Engraulidae comprises 16 genera and about 140 species (Nelson 2006; but see Bloom & Lovejoy 2012) that are found typically in warm inshore marine waters worldwide (Jones et al. 1978). Several species (about 18), however, migrate into rivers, and some live permanently in fresh water (Grande & Nelson 1985; Nelson 2006; Bloom & Lovejoy 2012). The family name Engraulidae literally means “small fish” in reference to the relatively small sizes of most Anchovies (15°C See Fig. 11.7 Habitat of spawning sites; average water depth Estuaries: peak at 13–15ppt and 20°C; 100mm TL (Newberger & Houde 1995). Like in other phylogram (Fig. 11.3) places the Bay Anchovy as sister to the Anchoa parva (Little Anchovy) and Anchoa delicatissima (Slough Anchovy) clade (Bloom & Lovejoy 2012). Clearly, the phylogenetic arrangement based on molecular data (Fig. 11.3) differs significantly from the currently accepted taxonomy for New World Anchovies. The incongruence between the two suggests several genera are classified based on homoplasious morphological characters (e.g., deep body, numerous fine gill rakers) that may reflect aspects of the trophic niche rather than phylogenetic characters (Bloom & Lovejoy 2012). FOSSIL RECORD Anchovy fossils are incredibly scarce in comparison to those of other clupeomorph fishes. Fossil clupeid species alone number >100 species compared with only 2 skeletal fossil species that can be confidently classified as engraulids. The ecology of Anchovies likely is responsible for their lack of presence in the fossil record; extant species of Anchovies are predominantly near-shore marine fishes that live in habitats less likely to preserve skeletons. Additionally, more recent publications dispute the validity of many fossil species described in the past as engraulids. The oldest recognized Anchovy fossil species dates to the Miocene (23–5.3mya) and, unlike other clupeomorphs, Anchovies are not known from the Eocene (55.8–33.9mya) (Grande & Nelson 1985). Numerous species are described from otoliths and fossils as belonging to Engraulidae. Otolith-described species include †Anchoa nitida, †Coilia planate, †Setipinna retusa, †Stolephorus furculus, and †Stolephorus productus. Some authors feel that classification based on otoliths alone is insuf- ficient and that these species cannot be confidently included in Engraulidae (Grande & Nelson 1985); in contrast, Whitehead et al. (1988) recognized two otolith-based species (†Anchoa nitida and †Setipinna retusa). Seven species are described from fossil skeletons: †Engraulis brevipinnis, †Engraulis evolans...

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