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Timeline
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Timeline Founding of the Hutterite Church and Immigration to the United States 1525 Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, and Georg Blaurock perform adult baptisms in Switzerland 1533 Jacob Hutter joins the group that later became known as the Hutterites 1536 Hutter is burned at the stake, emblematic of the persecution of Hutterites, which at times forced them to relocate their colonies from shortly after their founding until the early twentieth century 1565–1592 Golden Age of the Hutterites, in which they enjoy a safe haven in Moravia (now divided into Slovakia and the Czech Republic) 1870 Czar Alexander II mandates the speaking of Russian in Hutterite homes and universal military service 1871 The Appropriations Act mandates taking land from Native Americans to allow settlement by pioneers 1873 Hutterites travel to the United States to decide whether to immigrate there and meet with President Ulysses Grant 1874–1879 Hutterites immigrate to the United States, settling in the Dakota Territory xx Timeline World War I and the Hutterites June 28, 1914 Archduke Francis Ferdinand is assassinated, setting the “Great War” in motion April 2, 1917 President Wilson asks Congress to declare war April 7, 1917 The Selective Service Act presented to Congress includes provisions for conscientious objectors May 18, 1917 The Selective Service Act mandates enlistment for all men ages twenty-one to thirty June 5, 1917 Michael, Joseph, and David Hofer and Jacob Wipf appear before the draft board May 10, 1918 The men are inducted into the army May 25, 1918 The four men are called up and requested to report to Camp Lewis in Washington State The German language is banned in South Dakota May 28, 1918 The four men report to Camp Lewis and are put in the guardhouse for refusing to line up and follow other orders June 10, 1918 The four men go on trial June 27, 1918 The men are sent to Alcatraz and put in solitary confinement in the dungeon November 11, 1918 The Armistice is signed, ending the Great War November 14, 1918 The men are sent to Fort Leavenworth November 21, 1918 The National Civil Liberties Bureau releases a report on the treatment of prisoners of conscience November 29, 1918 Joseph Hofer dies at age twenty-four November 30, 1918 John Wipf, Jacob’s father, writes to U.S. Senator Edwin Johnson and asks him to intervene December 3, 1918 Michael Hofer dies at age twenty-five December 4, 1918 David Hofer released from Fort Leavenworth December 7, 1918 The War Department promises to investigate Wipf’s case January 5, 1919 Jacob Wipf testifies at the Board of Inquiry January 22, 1919 Enoch Crowder, the judge advocate general, affirms court-martial proceedings and sentence in Wipf’s case [3.235.42.157] Project MUSE (2024-03-19 12:19 GMT) Timeline xxi January 22, 1919 Secretary of War Newton Baker orders the release of 113 conscientious objectors March 15, 1919 Peace activist Jacob Ewert telegrams Assistant Secretary of War Frederick Keppel requesting Wipf’s release March 17, 1919 John Wipf telegrams Keppel March 18, 1919 Keppel’s assistant advocates releasing Wipf; notes that Board of Inquiry had found him sincere in his beliefs at January 5 hearing March 22, 1919 Army’s Office of the Judge Advocate General orders Wipf’s discharge April 13, 1919 Jacob Wipf released from Leavenworth This page intentionally left blank [3.235.42.157] Project MUSE (2024-03-19 12:19 GMT) Pacifists in Chains This page intentionally left blank ...