279 Index ABA. See applied behavior analysis A-B-A-B experimental design, 173 ABC (antecedent-behavior-consequence) data sheet, 9, 10 activities as reinforcers, 9, 43–44 adenotonsillar hypertrophy, 161–62 adenotonsillectomy, 162 ADHD: medication adherence in, 234; pill-swallowing training for, 203–7; Stimulant Adherence Measure for, 221 adherence, defined, 185. See also medication adherence; self-care adherence adolescents: barriers to adherence in, 224–25, 229–30; behavioral treatment of, 237, 238 Allen, K.D., 60 Altabet, S.C., 61 Amari, A., 225, 236, 238 amblyopia, 145, 146 amethocaine/tetracaine, 89–90 anesthesia: for echocardiography, 121; for EEG sleep studies, 115–16; local or topical, 84, 86, 87–90, 253; for MRI, 108; for neuroimaging, 125, 127; for radiation therapy, 108–9; risks of, 245 anger, unhelpful, countering tendency toward, 32–33 antecedent assessment, 8–9, 10 antecedent-behavior-consequence (ABC) data sheet, 9, 10 antecedent management intervention, 18–19 antianxiety medication, 254 anxiety: medical experience and, 59; parental behavior motivated by, 31. See also conditioned anxiety applied behavior analysis (ABA): assessment procedures, 8–9, 10, 11–13, 12, 14; literature of, 3–4; principles, concepts, and procedures, 15–21; supporting literature, 21–22. See also behavior management fundamentals Applied Behavior Analysis, 2nd edition (Cooper, Heron, & Heward), 21 arousal level, modification of, 18–19. See also distress assessment procedures: antecedents, 8–9, 10; behavior management fundamentals, 41; functional assessments, 162–63, 228; for immunizations, 83–84; for medical experiences, 59; for medication adherence , 217–22, 219, 222; for motion control for tests and treatments, 104–5; for painful procedures, 246, 247; parent-child interaction, 29–30; reinforcers, 9, 11–13, 49–50; for respiratory support procedures , 162–63; for swallowing pills and capsules, 188–89; for visual and hearing disorders, 139–43. See also task analysis asthma treatment, 169–70 attention: contingent on positive behavior, 45–46; differential, 47–48; reinforcement with, 18, 42–43, 44, 107 auditory brainstem response audiometry, 142 Page numbers in italics indicate figures and tables. 280 index auditory disorders, assessment of, 141–43 authoritarianism, countering tendency toward, 36–37 autism spectrum disorders: challenges of working with, 168; dental care and, 61–62; immunizations and, 266–67; medical care and, 62–63; painful procedures and, 256; pill-swallowing training for, 203–7 aversive conditioning: described, 52; medical experiences and, 59; studies of, 262–68 aversive stimulus: avoidance of, 33–34; contingent presentation of, 17; defined, 59; encountered by pediatric patients, 29; illustrative example of, 26–29, 27, 28; prediction and control of, 33, 53; signaling onset and termination of, 53, 265–66 Avis, K., 117 avoidance. See escape/avoidance behaviors Babbitt, R., 195 Babbitt, R.L., 202 bandages, securing, 87, 89 Beck, M., 225, 236, 238 Beck, M.H., 194 behavior: defined, 15; determinants of, 41; eliminating problem behavior, 45; long view toward changing, 47; target, operational definition of, 20. See also escape/avoidance behaviors behavioral distress. See distress behavioral economics, 74–75 Behavioral Family Systems Model, 233 behavioral management of acute pain, 90–91 behavioral medicine, 21–22, 169 behavioral momentum, 73–74, 174 behavioral pediatrics, 21–22 behavioral psychology. See applied behavior analysis behavior management fundamentals: assessment procedures, 41; attention as reinforcer, 42–43; aversive conditioning and negative reinforcement, 52–53; bribes compared to reinforcers, 43; catching children being good, 45–46; deprivation and satiation, 50; differential reinforcement and attention, 47–48; escalation before improvement, 46–47; expectations of children, 41–42; giving instructions, 44–45; illustrative examples, 51–53; overview of, 40–41; planned ignoring, 46; reinforcer assessment, 49–50; for special populations , 53–54; supporting literature, 54–55; teaching skills compared to eliminating problem behaviors, 45; things and activities as reinforcers, 43–44; time-out from positive reinforcement, 17, 48 Bierenbaum, M., 191 blood glucose meters, 218, 232 blood oxygen saturation levels, 163 bone marrow aspiration (BMA), counterconditioning for, 264–65 brainstem auditory evoked response testing, 142 breathing disorders, 161–62. See also respiratory support procedures bribes, 43 Brierley, P.E., 202 Bucholtz, J., 111 “Buzzy” distraction package, 94 capsules, swallowing. See swallowing pills and capsules caregiver-child interaction. See parentchild interaction caregivers: approaches for, 13–15; barriers to adherence related to, 223–24, 226, 229, 231; behavior management skills of, 228; painful procedures and, 248–49; spiritual, 38; training for EEG and sleep study procedures, 120 case examples: cooperation, obtaining, 64, 65, 66; painful procedures, 268, 269, 270; respiratory support procedures, 178–79, 180, 181; self-care adherence, 235, 236, 237, 238; swallowing pills and capsules, 210–12, 212...