Marrow of Tragedy: The Health Crisis of the American Civil War

Index

“Act to Reorganize and Increase the Efficiency of the Medical Department of the Army,” 106–7 African Americans, 8–9, 11, 25, 53, 60, 64, 73, 182; diseases of, 30; and labor for fortifications of Richmond, 232; as nurses, 68, 75; as refugees, 50, 73–74; and smallpox, 283, 292; as southern hospital workers, 197, 199–200, 231–32. See also free blacks African American slaves, 25, 49, 64, 72, 187, 199, 229, 283; as clinical and anatomic subject matter, 185, 207, 349n17; in Confederate hospitals, 231–32; conscription of, 52; escape by, 6, 8, 229; female, 52–53, 73–74; and hospitals, 13; hospitals for, 199; as hospital workers, 51; impressed by Confederacy, 229, 232; impressed free blacks as, 233; liberated, 73–74, 244; as nurses, 64; service of, in Confederate army, 208–9; and southern hospitals, 66, 188; and Union lines, 66 African American soldiers, 9, 26, 53, 73, 96, 137, 199, 291; and Forrest, 246–47; health of, 17; and hospitals, 154; massacre of, 4, 246, 257; and measles, 92; mental state of, 25; nursing of, 14; and race of Union hospital nurses, 68; and Russell, 17; and scurvy, 113, 126, 148; and smallpox, 285; southern atrocities against, 244 African American women, 49, 50, 51, 52–53, 68, 73–74 Agnew, Cornelius R., 121–22, 141, 148 Agnew, D. Hayes, 158, 294, 299 air/ventilation, 46, 84, 85, 86, 89, 100, 182, 281, 288; and American vs. European hospitals, 309; foul, 80, 82–83, 93; and gangrene, 90, 167–68, 305; and hospitals, 180–81, 194, 218, 309; and USSC, 127 alcohol, 26, 29, 66, 97, 113, 159, 231, 239; and Satterlee Hospital, 158, 169–71. See also whiskey Alcott, Louisa May, 51, 67 ambulances, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 47, 105, 117; Confederate , 191, 240; and USSC, 134, 216 American Indians, 91, 105, 278, 292, 311 American Medical Association, 11–12, 185, 206, 287, 298, 302; Transactions, 12, 188, 202 American Public Health Association, 271, 287, 303 American Red Cross, 48, 69, 75, 245, 267–70 American Surgical Association (ASA), 298–99, 300, 309 amputations, 30–31, 32, 40, 41, 45, 89, 122, 297; and Derby, 307, 308; and field hospital surgery, 165; numbers of, 292; rehabilitation after, 176, 177 Andersonville prison, 98, 203, 244, 247, 258, 266, 285–86; and Barton, 48, 68, 269–70 Andrews, John, 61 Andrews, Orianna Moon, 61 anesthesia, 7, 13, 26, 30, 88, 294, 295, 302 animalcular theory, 76, 77, 84, 92–93, 95, 102, 281 Annapolis, Md., 43, 152 Antietam, battle of, 3, 21, 38, 39, 55, 109, 116, 146; and medical supply transport, 121–22; and prisoners of war, 250; and USSC, 129 Apperson, John, 196 Army Medical Museum, Washington, DC, 17, 298, 302 Army of Northern Virginia, 199, 214, 222 Army of the Cumberland, 114, 115 Army of the Potomac, 35, 38, 120 Arthur, Chester, 270 Association for the Relief of the Misery of Battle Fields (ARMB), 269 Association of Army and Navy Surgeons, 201, 202–3 Association of Medical Officers of the Army and the Navy of the Confederacy, 206 Atlanta, 210, 212–13, 220, 226, 237, 256, 257 Attie, Jeanie, 70 Bache, Alexander, 104 Bacot, Ada, 65 bacteria, 77, 167, 276, 280, 281, 296, 308. See also diseases: germ theory of; microorganisms bacteriology, 84, 102, 288 Ballard, Martha, 54 Barnard, F. A. P., 280–81 Barnes, Joseph K., 147–48, 248, 264, 278 Barnwell, Robert, 65 I N D E X 374 Index Bartholow, Roberts, 24, 25, 56, 92 Barton, Clara, 48, 68–69, 75, 244, 245, 269–70 Barton, H., 205 Beamenderfer, Cyrus, 166, 173 Bean, James Baxter, 206 Beauregard, P. G. T., 215 Beckett, William, 232 Belle Isle prison, Richmond, 243–44, 247, 256, 266 Bellevue Hospital, 43 Bellows, Henry W., 103, 104, 109, 134–36, 144, 149, 251, 266; and Geneva Convention, 270; and prisoners of war, 248–49, 263–64; and Stanton, 145 Bellows, Russell, 264 Bender, Robert, 139 Benton Barracks, St. Louis, 68, 96–97, 284 Bickerdyke, Mother, 125 Billings, John Shaw, 158 Bittel, Carla, 52 Blackford, Benjamin, 225, 230, 231–32, 235 Blackwell, Elizabeth, 49, 50, 54, 58, 63, 69, 103 Blaine, James G., 270 bleeding, 30, 31–32, 89, 126, 165–66, 202, 214, 297 Bligh, William, 81 bloodletting, 12, 13, 26, 28, 71, 97, 158 Bloomer, Amelia, 55 Bollet, Alfred, 36 Boston, 36, 62, 68, 119, 140, 184, 185, 272, 302–3 botanic practitioners/remedies, 11, 12, 28, 297, 301 Bowditch, Henry I., 41 Bowditch, Nathaniel, 41...