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Illustrations

1 Samuel Morland, illustration from Tuba Stentoro-Phonica (1672)

2 James Hutton with his ear trumpet, mezzotint by J. R. Smith (1786), after the original by R. Cosway

3 Gilbert Austin’s rhetorical notation for Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Church-yard” (1806)

4 Joshua Steele’s notation system for the performed voice (1775)

5 Joshua Steele’s rhetorical markings for a couplet from John Denham’s Cooper’s Hill

6 Thomas Gray, the first stanza of “The Bard,” 1757 printing

7 Thomas Gray, later excerpt from “The Bard” showing shift from single to double quotation marks

8 W. Owen Pughe, the first stanza of “Y Bardd” (1822), his Welsh translation of Thomas Gray’s “The Bard”

9 Iolo Morganwg, hand-drawn plan for the gorsedd, a public gathering for Welsh poets

10 James Macpherson, the opening two pages of his Fragments of Ancient Poetry (1760)

11 James Macpherson, title page of Fingal, An Ancient Epic Poem … (1762), engraved by Isaac Taylor

12 James Macpherson, detail of the title page of Fingal

13 Alexander Runciman, sketch for The Blind Ossian Singing and Accompanying Himself on the Harp (1772)

14 Mary Potter, “Vinvela and Shilric,” italicized reprinting of James Macpherson’s first poem from Fragments

15 Thomas Rowlandson, The Burning System Illustrated (1815)

16 Engraving of “Abba Thulle” by Henry Kingsbury (1788)

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