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147 Africa, 15, 33, 64, 97 African Americans, 40 ageism, 19–20, 83 aging. See elderly American Health Care Association, 38 American Hospital Association, 38 American Public Health Association, 97 Asians, 15, 37 becoming and enduring, 11, 79, 82–83, 85, 87, 88, 93, 111n4 body, 5, 78, 79. See also embodiment businesses, 23, 45, 88, 95, 108n3; and family caregivers, 67; and family leave policy, 95–96; responsibilities of, 76, 88. See also employers Canada, 33, 44, 45 capabilities/capacities, 76, 77, 79, 82, 83, 85, 93, 110n3 capitalism, 41, 51, 52, 104 care, 10, 41, 49, 52, 81, 82, 90, 95; cash for, 25, 55, 68; and citizenship , 22; community-based, 19, 94; consumer-directed, 25–26, 68, 108n4; defined, 20; quality of, 8, 9, 16–17, 18, 20, 28, 84, 94. See also health care; long-term care caregivers, 3, 16, 20–21, 58, 101; and financial security, 104; informal /unpaid, 9, 16, 21, 24–25, 26, 54, 95; paid, 9–10, 16, 24–25, 95. See also direct care workers; family caregivers; nurses caregiving, 22, 107n3 care work, 10, 20, 28, 66, 104, 107n3; commodification of, 41; as core public need, 90; and economy, 22; exportation of, 49; by families, 26; and gender, 54, 55; global division of, 50; and justice, 110–11n3; and neoliberalism, 90; paid vs. informal, 25; and race, 40, 41; transnational trade in, 35–36 care workers, 4, 14, 28, 94, 96, 99–100, 101, 102; American need for, 30, 80–81; educated in United States, 10, 32; effects from loss of, 60, 61; emigration of, 7, 35; foreign-educated, 10, 32, 33, 93; global, regional, and local needs of, 90; and globalism, 9, 37; health problems of, 57–58; and home country economies, 35; inadequate training of, 17–18, 24, 68; and injustice, 73, 87; and labor market stratification, 61–62; and planning failures, 8; and poor work conditions , 2; responsibilities to, 89; shortages of, 3, 7, 8, 37, 60–62, 68, 73; and solidarity with family caregivers, 102–4; standards for, 90; transnational flow of, 31–34; undocumented noncitizen, 56, 58; vulnerabilities of, 55–57; work conditions and wages of, 30; working conditions of, 90, 99, 102. See also direct care workers; family caregivers; nurses; personal care workers Index 148 Index Caribbean countries, 10, 35, 44–46, 49, 50, 64–65, 91 CARICOM, 45 China, 15, 33, 35, 37, 42 Choices for Independence, 25–26 citizenship, 22, 41, 54, 55, 85, 96, 99, 104 cohabitation, 5, 79 colonialism, 47, 75–76 Colonial Nursing Association, 47 Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools (CGFNS), 109n2 Community Living Assistance Services and Supports (CLASS) plan, 94 compassion, 11, 71, 84 Confederation of British Industry (CBI), 95 connectedness, 86, 101, 104 constitutive, mutually, 11, 71, 81, 84, 102 cost-containment, 7, 8, 25, 28, 62 Cuba, 33, 44, 65 Daughters of the American Revolution , 42 debt, 44, 90 developing countries, 15, 31, 61, 62, 83. See also low- and middleincome countries; source countries Development Action for Women Network (DAWN), 91 direct care workers, 2, 8, 10, 27–28, 33–34, 108n4; health problems of, 58; and immigration policy, 38; inadequate training of, 18; as minority industry, 41; turnover rates among, 30–31; wages of, 29–30, 33; working conditions of, 28–29, 93–94. See also caregivers disease, burden of, 3, 15, 34, 39, 65, 95, 97 downskilling, 53, 62 ecological perspective, 111n5; advantages of, 70–71, 82–86; and complexity, 5–6; definition of, 4–7; and globalization, 81; and global justice, 7–9; and governments, 93–94; and interdependence, 104–5; and long-term care, 49; and policy, 3–4; and relationality and intersubjectivity, 84; and responsibility, 81; and structural injustice, 69 ecological subjects, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82–83; defined, 78; responsibilities of, 11, 71 economies, 22, 43–44, 45–46, 47, 53; caregiver contributions to, 35; and caregiving labor, 22; denationalization of, 55; in global South, 34–36; of host country, 66–67; integration of care into, 90; and migration, 32, 60; policies for, 10, 34–36; and public sector, 78; and racial and cultural stereotypes, 51; and remittances, 58–60; structural adjustment of, 34, 61; of United States, 67. See also global economy ; neoliberal economic policies education, 28, 59–60, 61, 67, 68, 72, 84, 98; of American nurses, 10, 32; of careworkers in foreign countries, 8, 10, 32, 33, 93; of Caribbean nurses, 45, 64–65; cost to governments, 64–65; and global...

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