American National Security

Notes

Notes Chapter 1: The International Setting 1. J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr., ed., “Guidelines for Strategy Formulation,” in U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Policy and Strategy, 2nd ed. (Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2006), 388. 2. See also Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Redefining the National Interest,” Foreign Affairs 78, no. 4 (July/August 1999): 22–35; and the Commission on America’s National Interests, America’s National Interests (Cambridge, MA: The Commission on America’s National Interests, 2000), esp. 5–8. 3. See, for example, Thomas F. Homer-Dixon, Environment, Scarcity, and Violence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999); Ole Waever et al., Identity, Migration, and the New Security Agenda in Europe (NewYork: St. Martin’s Press, 1993); and National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2015: A Dialogue About the Future with Nongovernment Experts, NIC 2000-02, December 2000. 4. Human Security Centre, Human Security Report 2005: War and Peace in the 21st Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), viii. 5. George W. Bush, Department of Homeland Security (Washington, DC: The White House, June 2002), 8. 6. In the interests of space, and because of its decline over time, not discussed here is Marxism. For its basic tenets, see Robert Gilpin, “Three Ideologies of Political Economy,” in Understanding International Relations, 5th ed., ed. Daniel J. Kaufman et al. (NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 2004), 426–428. For its translation into a theory of international relations, see V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1939). Perhaps the Marxist perspective persists most strongly among dependency theorists who examine the role of the capitalist developed world in contributing to underdevelopment in other parts of the world. See Theotonio Dos Santos, “The Structure of Dependence,” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 9, no. 2 (May 1970): 231–236. For a more recent view, see Kema Irogbe, “Globalization and the Development 579 of Underdevelopment of the Third World,” Journal of Third World Studies 22, no. 1 (2005): 41–68. 7. Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 1979), 131. 8. Ibid., 117. 9. Stephen M. Walt, Origins of Alliances (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987), 21–26. 10. See, for example, John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001). 11. Peter J. Katzenstein, Robert O. Keohane, and Stephen D. Krasner, “International Organization and the Study of World Politics,” International Organization 52, no. 4 (Autumn 1998): 684–685. 12. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (NewYork: Penguin , 1972), 49. 13. John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government, ed. Thomas P. Peardon (New York: Macmillan, 1952), esp. 119–139. 14. Andrew Moravcsik, “Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics,” International Organization 50, no. 4 (Autumn 1997): 516. 15. Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993), 24–42. 16. Hans Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 2nd ed., rev. and enlarged (New York: Knopf, 1954), 10. 17. Immanuel Kant, Political Writings, ed. Hans Reiss (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970, 1991), 41–53 and 93–130. 18. See Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence, 3rd ed. (New York: Pearson Education, 2001). 19. Declaration of Independence, www.archives.gov/national-archives-experience/ charters/declaration_transcript.html. 20. United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, www.un.org/Overview/ rights.html; for a discussion of current challenges to the law of war, see Kenneth Roth, “The Law of War in the War on Terror,” Foreign Affairs 83, no. 1 (January/February 2004): 2–7. 21. See Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, “Democratization and the Danger of War,” International Security 20, no. 1 (Summer 1995): 5–38; and see Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, “Democratic Transitions, Institutional Strength, and War,” International Organization 56, no. 2 (Spring 2002): 297–337. 22. Charles Krauthammer, “The Unipolar Moment,” Foreign Affairs 70, no. 1 (Winter 1990/1991): 29. 23. Ibid., 25. 24. William Kristol and Robert Kagan, “Toward a Neo-Reaganite Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs 75, no. 4 (July/August 1996): 27. 25. Charles Krauthammer, “The Unipolar Moment Revisited,” The National Interest 70 (Winter 2002/2003): 16. 26. Ibid., 14. 27. Francis Fukuyama, “The Neoconservative Moment,” The National Interest, no. 76 (Summer 2004): 57–68. See also the response, Charles Krauthammer, “In Defense of Democratic Realism,” The National Interest, no. 77 (Fall 2004): 15–25. 28. Alexander Wendt, “Constructing International Politics,” International Security 20, no. 1...