Notes Chapter 1 1. For example, see Hans Kelsen,La Democratie: Sa Nature, Sa Valeur^ trans,Charles Eisenmaan (Paris; Reeueil Sirey, 1932), p. 19; £. E, Schattschneider, Party Government (New York: Rinehart and Winston, 1942), p« !; Graham Wallas, Human Nature in Politics (New York: A. A, Knopf, 1931), p. 103; V. O, Key, Jr., Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups (New York; Alfred A, Knopf, 1964), p. 9, 2. See Giovanni Sarton, Democratic Theory (Detroit; Wayne Slate University Press, 1962), especially pt II; Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York; Harper, 1950), p. 242. 3. See the American Political Science Association report, Toward a More Responsible Two Party System (New York: Rinehart, 1950), 4. Asa Briggs, The Making of Modern Britain (New York; Harper and Row, 1965), chap, 10, 5. Giovanni Sartori, "European Political Parties; The Case of Polarized Pluralism," in Joseph LaPalombara and Myron Werner, $d$^ Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), pp. 137-76; see also, P. Allum, Italy-Republic Without Government? (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 6. Gerhard Loewenfoerg, **The Remarking of the German Party System/* in Mattel Dogan and Richard Rose, eds,, European Politics (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971), pp, 259-79. 7. See Austin Ranney, The Doctrine of Responsible Party Government (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1962). 8. Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1957), chap. 9. 9. See Robert A. Dahl,v4 Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 1956), chap. 5. 10. See A. J, Milnor, Elections and Political Stability (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969), pp. 188-89. 11. David R, Mayhew, "Congressional Representation: Theory and Practice in Drawing the Districts," in Nelson W, Polsby, ed., Reapportionment in the 1970s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), p, 272. 12. For some notes on the definition of party, see Sigmund Neumann, "Toward a Comparative Study of Political Parties/1 in his Modern Political Parties (Chicago; University of Chicago Press, 1958), pp. 395-96; Leon D. Epstein, Political Parties in Western Democracies (New York; Praeger, 1967), pp. 9-14; Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan, Party Systems and Voter Alignments (New York: Free Press, 1967), pp, 3-4, 13. SeeRichard Rose, "Parties, Factions^ andTendencies inBritain/'Political Studies \2 (Febmary 1964): 33-46; Raphael Zariski, "Party Factions and Comparative Politics: Some Preliminary Observations/'Midwest Journal of Political Science 4 (February I960): 32-33; V. O. Key, Jr., Southern Politics (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949), pp. 15-18. 133 134 Notes to Pages 6-13 14. Indeed, these are the examples chosen by Sartori to illustrate factions within parties. Giovanni Sa^ori, Parties and Party Systems (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp,88~93. 15. Michael Leiserson, "Factions and Coalitions in One-Party Japan/* American Political Science Review 63 (September 1968): 770-87. 16. Austin Ranney, Pathways to Parliament (Madison; University of Wisconsin Press, I963)sp. 10. 17, Ranney'sconclusion may be a bit overstated, inthat there isalmost certainly atwo-way process of "anticipated reactions*' operating between national and local arms of the party, However, as the exampleof Reg Prentice shows* in cases of conflict it still appears that the local party will have its way,Recent events aJso suggest that a memberdisowned by the local pany may be able to win reelection as an Independent See Austin Ranney, "Selecting the Candidates," in Howard R. Penntman, edU Britain at the Polls (Washington: American Enterprise Institutefor Public Policy Research, 1 975), pp.33-40;Anthony King, "The MW New Freedom/' Afew Society, 14 March 1974, 639-40. 18. Aneurin Sevan, quoted in RichardH. S. Grossman* The Myths of Cabinet Government (Cambridge, Mass,; Harvard University Press, 1972), p, 32. 19, Epstein, Political Parties, pp. 318-32; idem, "Cohesion in British Parliamentary Parties/' American Political Science Review 50 (June 1956): 360-77, 20, Key, Politics, Parties, and Pressure Groups, p. 342, 21, The direct primary apparently is used quite vigorously in Costa Rica. 22, Nathaniel B. Thayer, How the Conservatives Rule Japan (Princeton; Princeton University Press, 1 969), chap. 2. Similar arguments and additional evidence may be found in Haruhiro Fukui, Pany In Power (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1970)* esp. chaps, 5*6. Factionalism m the Japanese left is discussed in Allan B. Cole, George O, Toiteit, and Cecil H. Uyehara, Socialist Parties in Postwar Japan (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), chap, 9. 23, See Ardath W. Burks, The Government of Japan (New York: Thomas Crowell, 1961), pp. 113-14 for a description of the Japanese electoral law...