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Illustrations Abraham Gesner’s geological map of Nova Scotia (1846) 16 Abraham Gesner’s geological survey of New Brunswick (1838–1842) 24 Richard Taylor’s map of the coal fields of British North America (1848) 36 Charles Jackson’s stratigraphy of “the regular coal series” in the region of the Albert mine 50 Left, Charles Jackson’s view of the crushed Albert “coal” on the ninth level of the Albert mine. Right, Richard Taylor and James Robb’s view of the Albert “asphaltum” as an injected vein within the crest of an anticline on the eighth level of the Albert mine. 52 Richard Taylor and James Robb’s traverse section from the Albert mine, New Brunswick, to the Joggins, Nova Scotia 53 Amos Eaton’s geological nomenclature for North American rocks (1828) 82–83 Idealized section of Paleozoic formations (circa 1860) 88 Charles Lyell’s interpretation of the growth-on-the-spot theory of the origin of coal (1852) 90 Top, Charles Lyell’s ideal geological section from the Atlantic coast to the great Appalachian coal field of the Midwest. Bottom, Coal regions of Pennsylvania exhibiting Henry Darwin Rogers’s law of gradation. 92 Top, Erect Sigillaria containing the fossil reptile, Dendrerpeton acadianum. Bottom, Section of the Joggins, Nova Scotia. 96 J. Peter Lesley’s “zigzag” topography in Pennsylvania (1856) 101 James Dwight Dana’s depiction of the Carboniferous Age (1863) 105 Coal areas of various countries (1848) 106 James Dwight Dana’s Geological map of the United States (1860) 107 Bristol Mining Company stock certificate 135 Coal oil plant (1860) 148 ix Samuel M. Kier’s label for a bottle of “Petroleum” 205 The oil region of Pennsylvania (1866) 212 “Kicking Down a Well” 214 Left, Different depths of oil wells along the Burning Spring Creek in West Virginia. Right, Vertical oil fissure. 219 Oil well setup (1866) 223 Left, Scientific schematic of a large oil cavern (1864). Right, Popular schematic of a large oil cavern (1866). 226 Petroleum still and condenser 230 Petroleum refinery (1865) 231 Hillside drilling along Pioneer Run (1865) 235 Pithole (1865) 236 Ideal cross section of oil wells (circa 1865) 237 Prospecting for oil 253 Advertisement for oil-finding engineers (1865) 255 Alexander Winchell’s ideal geological section of the Neff Petroleum Company’s property in Ohio (1866) 258 Various geological positions of rock oil (circa 1865) 266 E. B. Andrews’s illustrations of the anticline or “break” along the Ohio River (1866) 267 Map of the Ojai rancho in Santa Barbara County and surrounding ranchos in southern California (1865) 282–283 Benjamin Silliman Jr.’s ideal cross section (1865) 284 x Illustrations ...

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