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Subject Index 399 A type stars, 42 Abbe’s sine condition, 117, 118 absorption edges, 37 Academic Affairs Division, of STScI, 234–235, 281 accelerators: development of, 17; scintillation chambers and, 32 accretion discs: Cyg X-1, plate 2; Her X-1, plate 1 accretion processes, as energy source for x-ray emissions, 102; in binary star systems, 104, 106, plate 1; black holes and, 107–108, plate 2 active galactic nuclei (AGNs), 170–171; energy source for, 272, plate 10 Advanced Camera System, 272, plate 9 Advanced Orbiting Solar Observatory (AOSO), 62, 129 Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), 265; and wide-field x-ray telescope, 267. See also Chandra X-Ray Observatory Aerobee rockets, 56; x-ray detectors in, 50, 57 AGNs. See active galactic nuclei ALMA. See Atacama Large Millimeter Array alpha particles, protons and, 34 aluminum reflecting surface: efficiency of, 116; in second-generation telescopes, 123; in Wolter type I configuration, 123 Am Her white dwarf, 198 AMBER. See Astronomical Multiple-Beam Recombiner Anglo Australian Observatory, 226 ANS. See Astronomische Nederlandse Satelliet anti-coincidence shields: Uhuru and, 83; in x-ray detector design criteria, 50; in x-ray telescope construction, 46, 47, 48 anti-coincidence techniques, 31 anti-Λ0 particle, 24–27 anti-proton, anti-Λ0 particle and, 24 Antu telescope, on VLT, 296. See also Very Large Telescope AOSO. See Advanced Orbiting Solar Observatory Apollo Application Program, 126, 129 Apollo Telescope Mount, 130, 131, 305 architecture, 11, 28 Ariel satellite, 111, 166, 198 aspect management system, of Uhuru, 83 Astronomical Journal, 228 Astronomical Multiple-Beam Recombiner (AMBER), 317 Astronomische Nederlandse Satelliet (ANS), 166, 198 astronomy: as entertainment, 374; extragalactic, 168–172; gamma ray, 117, 134; millimeter astronomy (continued) wave, 342, 346–347; modern-day, 367; optical (see optical astronomy); radio (see radio astronomy ); x-ray (see solar x-ray astronomy; stellar x-ray astronomy; x-ray astronomy) Astronomy Missions Board, 136 Astronomy Today (Chaisson), 239 Astrophysical Journal, 59, 90 Astrophysical Journal Letters, 267, 270 Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), 180, 276, 290, 296, 331, 334, 336–337, 350, 351–356, plate 28; and Kitt Peak compared, 347 Atlas Centaur rocket, 162 AXAF. See Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility; Chandra X-Ray Observatory B type stars, 164, 165–166 back plate, manufacturing for cloud chamber, 23 Baltimore Charter, 263 beryllium reflecting surface: efficiency of, 116; VLT and, 305–306; in Wolter type I configuration, 127 binary star systems, 75; Einstein observations and, 166, 168; gas in, 104–105; gravitational equipotentials of, 104–105; neutron stars in, 103; radio pulsations of, 99–101; schematic of, 102. See also old novas binary x-ray sources, 95–108; optical identification of, 168 Birr Castle, telescope at, 142, 331 black hole(s): in Chandra Deep Field South, 366; Cyg X-1 as, 106–108, plate 2; density of matter and, 103; gas expansion and, 105; Hubble observations and, 272, plate 10; supermassive, 364, plate 31 blackbody radiation: Crab Nebula and, 67, 70; Sco X-1 and, 70 Bragg crystal spectrometer, 198 braking radiation. See bremsstrahlung bremsstrahlung, 36, 41; in galaxy hot plasma, 172; magnetic (see synchrotron emission); thermal, 70–71; XRB spectrum and, 171 Brera Observatory, 268 Brisbane (ship), 10 budget. See costs calibration of data: from Einstein mission, 160; from Hubble, 225, 232–234, 236–238, 271–272 cameras, for Hubble, 209–210 Capricci Medicali (Fioravanti), 5 Cas-A: high-resolution image of, plate 5; Uhuru results for, 91 Cassegrain focus, 298, 305, 312 Catholic organizations, 10–11 CCD, 48, 118. See also charge-coupled device detectors celestial objects: discovery of, 51–54, 56–57; high-latitude, Einstein database for, 178; redshift distributions and, 364–366 Cen A, supermassive black hole in, plate 31 Cen X-3, 97–102; rotation period of, 104; schematic of, 102 Centaurus cluster of galaxies, 109–111 ceramicization technique, at Schott AG, plate 16 Cerenkov counter, 31 Cerenkov radiation, 29–30, 44 Cerro Tololo Observatory, 292 cesium iodide cathode x-ray detector, 125 Challenger shuttle, 222, 242 Chandra Deep Field North, 361 Chandra Deep Field South, 272, 338, 361, plate 34; redshift distributions in, 364–366 Chandra X-Ray Observatory, 358–367; development of mirrors for, 130; and Hubble compared , 271, 274, plate 13; launch of, 358; LOXT program and, 139, 146; observing capabilities of, 146; in orbit, plate 29; orbit of, 130, 257; origins of, 195; x-ray background and, 62, 63, 64, 113 channeltron multipliers, 43, 118 charge-coupled device (CCD), 48, 118 charge-coupled device (CCD...

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