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INDEX
Abenaki Indians, 100
Abeyta, Bernardo, 114, 120, 121, 128
Acadia, 97, 190. See also Acadian Catholicism;
Acadians Acadian Catholicism, xvi;
historiography of, 97–103;
holy water in, 106;
and lay baptism, 104–105;
and popular Catholicism generally, 107–108;
and priestly influence, 103–104;
shortage of priests, 108–109
Acadians: dispersal of, 97, 190;
as good Catholics, 97–101. See also Acadian Catholicism
affinity arguments: and Cajun Catholicism, 110;
and devotional revolution in Ireland, 43–45;
and Hispanic Pentecostalism, 147–148;
and Methodist and Baptist success, 45;
and Protestant individualism, 45–46
Akenson, Donald, 1, 6, 7, 18–19, 27, 37–38;
on “national stock” estimates, 14;
on nativist hostility, 41
Albanese, Catherine, 152, 154, 191
Allport, Gordon, 157–158
America (magazine), 87–89
American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS), 14–15
American-Italian Historical Association, 62
American Revolution, 3, 83, 178–179;
and Irish Americans, 20–21, 26
analogical thinking, 163–166
apparitions, 107
Applegate, Frank, 126
Aragón, José Rafael, 114
Austin, Mary, 126–127
Babcock, Barbara, 145
Baird, Robert, 152
Baptists, 16, 21–22, 45, 174–176, 178–180
Bataan survivors, and Chimayó, 124–125
Batson, C. Daniel, 159–161
Baudier, Roger, 102–103
benevolent societies, 7–9
Bodin, Ron, 108–109
Briggs, John, 70
Browne, Henry, 89–90
Buddhism, 94
Burke, Edmund, 160–161
Cajun, meaning of term, 190–191
Cajun Catholicism, xvi, 96, 101–102;
historiography of, 102–104;
and lay baptism, 103, 104, 106;
and popular Catholicism generally, 107;
role of priests, 105–106;
and rosary, 108;
women central to, 108–112
campanilismo, 64, 66, 68–71, 74, 85
Cash, W. F., 24
Catholic imagination, 163–166
Catholics, as threat to American democracy, 152–153, 155, 164–165. See also individual ethnic groups
Celtic religion, xiii
Center for Migration Studies, 62
Chimayó (shrine), xviii;
ex votos at, 116–120;
and Hispano Catholic identity, 113, 115;
models of Hispano spirituality, 125–126;
and Nuestro Señor de Esquípulas cult, 114, 120, 121;
pilgrimage to, during Holy Week, 115, 118– 120, 122, 123–126;
popularity of, 122–126;
and Pueblo Spanish style, 127–128;
santero art at, 114–115;
and Santo Niño cult, 115, 120, 121;
and visited by María Martínez, 121–122
Civil War (U.S.), 178
Collins, Randall, 172
colonization, and study of religion, 150
confessionalization, 57–58
conversion experience: and evangelical Christianity, 161;
as transition to mature religiosity, 151
corpses, connection between infants and, 106
Crusades, 138
Cuban Catholicism, 132–134
Cullen, Paul Cardinal, 33, 43, 177
Cusack, Margaret Ann, 55–56, 189
Daoism, 94
Deck, Allan Figueroa, 134, 139, 146, 147
degradation narrative, 93–95, 150–151
Delumeau, Jean, 67
democracy, American, 152–153, 155–156, 164–165
devotional revolution in Ireland, 10, 32–33, 43–45, 144, 176–177
dialectical thinking, 164, 174
Díaz-Stevens, Ana María, 130, 139, 141, 146, 191;
and matriarchal core hypothesis, 134–136
di Leonardo, Micaela, 62–63
Dillingham Commission, 80–81, 82
Diner, Hasia, 54
Dolan, Jay, 8, 96, 134, 139, 155–156;
on devotional revolution in Ireland, 33
domestic service, social disciplining and, 53–58
Dunne, Edward M., 89
Durango (Mexico), 121
Durkheim, Emile, 150, 168–170, 172
Eid, Leroy, 7
evangelical Christianity, 2;
and American Revolution, 21–22;
and conversion experience, 161;
and Irish Americans, 17–19;
rational choice theory on, 178–180;
and Scotch-Irish, 16
Evangeline, 98–101
ex voto, 116–120
Faith Maturity Scale, xviii, 161–163, 167
Felician, Father, 99–100
feminization of religion, 50–53, 109–112, 131;
and female sociability, 51–52;
and masculinity, 175–176
Fichera, Sebastian, 70
Finke, Roger, 16, 171–172, 173, 174–175, 176–180, 192
Fischer, David Hackett, 8
Flores, Richard, 132
France: and Acadian Catholics, 97–98;
feminization of religion in, 52
free rider problem, 181–184
Galgani, Gemma, 165
Gallo, Patrick, 65
Gambino, Richard, 64
Geertz, Clifford, 154
gender: and Cajun Catholicism, 109–112;
and Hispanic Catholicism, 130–138;
and Irish immigrants, 50–58
Gilligan, Carol, 166–167
Girardot, Norman, 94
Goizueta, Roberto, 136–137, 139
Greek Orthodox church, female religiosity in, 111–112
Greeley, Andrew, xviii, 1, 23, 146, 174;
on the Catholic imagination, 164–167
Griffin, Patrick, 12–13
Griffiths, Naomi, 97
Grosse Île (Quebec), 27
Guatemala, 114
Gumina, Deana, 74–75
Gutiérrez, Ramón, 113, 118, 120–121, 126, 128
Hackett, David, 154–155
Hadley, Herbert, 87–88
Hall, G. Stanley, 151
Hatch, Nathan, 22
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 98
Hispanic Catholicism: alleged distinctivenes of, 129–131;
confessional bias in the study of, 138–143;
and matriarchal core hypothesis, 130–138. See also Chimayó
Hispanics, 129
holy fairs, 19–20
Holy Thursday, 123–124
holy wells (Ireland), 35
Hopcroft, Rosemary, 45–46
Hotten-Somers, Diane, 54–55
Hout, Michael, 23
Hynes, Eugene, 43–45
Iannaccone, Laurence, 181–183
immanence, 163–166
Infant of Prague, 121
Intrinsic/Extrinsic orientation, xviii, 157–159, 167
Irish American Catholics, 16–19;
becoming Catholic, 35–39;
demographic distinctiveness of, 48–50;
disproportionate representation of, among Catholic hierarchy, 29–30;
as gold standard for American Catholicism, 29–30;
retention of Irish identity by, 23;
in San Francisco, 39–41;
as sect movement, 176–177;
stereotypes about, 30–32;
in Toronto, 41–42;
as under the control of priests, 32;
women in domestic service, 53–58
Irish American Protestants, 1–26;
compared to Irish American Catholics, 5–19;
as majority of Irish Americans, 1–2;
and being American, 20–22;
retention of Irish identity by, 23– 26;
and Scotch-Irish, 2–19
Irish Americans: and evangelical Christianity, 16;
in pre-Famine period, 9–10;
similarities among, 4–9. See also Irish American Catholics; Irish American Protestants
Irish identity, 5–6, 23–26, 59
Italian American Catholicism: attitude of American prelates toward, 93–96;
compared to Irish American Catholicism, 30, 65;
as cultural response to nativist hostility, 80–86;
and degradation narrative, 93–95;
festas of, 65, 68–69, 76–80, 84–86;
Prohibition and, 83–84;
and rise of localized cults, 77–80;
in San Francisco, 71–77;
Standard Story about, 63–80, 94;
supposed pagan origins of, 64–65, 92–93
Italian Catholicism in Italy, xii–xiii, 138–139
“Italian problem, the,” 38, 87–93, 153
Jones, Maldwyn, 11
Kelley, Dean, 181–182
Lamy, Jean Baptiste, 122
Larkin, Emmet, 10;
on the devotional revolution, 32–35, 43, 177
lay baptism, 104–105, 106, 108–109
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 98–99
Los Pastores, 132–133
Louisiana, and Cajun Catholicism, 96
Lubbock, John, 150
Madonna dei Miracoli di Cicagna, 73, 76, 77, 78
Madonna della Guardia, x, 73, 74–75, 76, 77,
78, 189
Madonna del Lume, 73, 74–75, 76, 77
madonnas, localized, 71–77
Mafia, 81
male flight and feminization of religion, 51–52
Martínez, María, 121–122
masculinity, in U.S. South, 175–176
Massa, Mark, 164–165
matriarchal core hypothesis, 130–138, 186;
functions of, 142–143, 145–146
McAvoy, Thomas, 31
McDonald, Forrest, 14
McWhinney, Grady, 175
Merton, Robert, 168
Methodists, 16, 21–22, 45, 174–176, 178–180
Mexican American Catholicism, 129, 136–137, 140–141
Miami, 133–134
Mikmaq Indians, 100
Mills, C. Wright, 16
Molleno, Antonio, 114
monotheism, 184–185
Mormonism, 144
multiple narratives approach, xviii, 153–157
nativist hostility: toward Irish, 32, 36–39, 58;
toward Italian Americans, 80–86
New Mexico. See Chimayó
New York City, 141
Nuestro Señor de Esquípulas, 114, 120, 121
O’Brien, Michael, 4–7
O’Connell, Daniel, 6
O’Donovan, John, 36
O’Keefe, Georgia, 127
Ordnance Survey (Ireland), 6, 36
orientalism, 145
Orsi, Robert, 52, 96, 143–144, 152, 155;
and Catholic imagination, 165–167
Our Lady of Charity shrine (Miami), 132–134
Our Lady of Guadalupe Church, 72
Our Lady of Mt. Carmel: chapel in San Franciso, x;
church in New York, 66, 68–69;
popular cult of, 69–70
Ownsby, Ted, 175–176
pagan Catholicism, 64
Parsons, Talcott, 168–169
patterns (socioreligious events) (Ireland), 35
Peña, Milagros, 134–135
Penal Laws, 8
Penitentes, xiii–xiv, 114, 118, 123, 131
pilgrimage, 107, 111–112, 113–126, 132, 150
Pio, Padre, 165
Pius IV, 47–48
Polla (Italy), 69
pope, obedience to, 47–48
prejudice and religion, 158
Presbyterians, in early Republic, 9–16
Profession of Faith, 47–48
Protestant imagination, ix, 93–96, 186;
contrasted with Catholic imagination, 163–166;
and degradation narrative, 93–95, 150–151;
and dialectical thinking, 164;
and Durkheim and Weber, 169–170;
and free rider problem, 181–184;
and masculinized Western culture, 145;
and psychology of religion, 157–163;
and rational choice theory, 170–184;
and social evolutionary perspective, 149–152;
and study of American religion, 149–150. See also matriarchal core hypothesis
Protestantism, 143;
and degradation narrative, 93–95, 150–151;
fit with American democracy, 152–153;
and psychology of religion, 151–152
psychology of religion, 151;
and measures of religion, 157–163
Pueblo Spanish style, 127–128, 191
Puerto Rican Catholicism, 135–136, 141
Purgatory, 165
Purvis, Thomas, 14–15
Quest Scale, xviii, 159–161, 167, 187
rational choice theory: emphasis on creed, 173–174;
on importance of strictness, 174– 176;
and theory of religious economies, 171–172
Reformation, Protestant, 45–46, 93
Reinhard, Wolfgang, 57
relic cults, 150
RELTRAD, 17–18
remittances sent by Irish from America, 49
Romanized Catholicism, 46–48, 50, 57–58
rounding rituals, 35
sacramentals, 165–166
Said, Edward, 145
St. Brendan, 3
St. Emydius, xi
St. Patrick benevolent societies, 7–9
St. Patrick’s Church (San Francisco), 40–41
St. Paulinus festa, 78–79
Saints Peter and Paul Church (San Franciso), ix–xi, 72–77, 190
Salpointe, John B., 122
San Francisco: Irish American Catholics in, 39–41;
Italian American Catholics in, 71–77
San Francisco de Asís Church (Taos), 127
San Gennaro festa, 78
Santa Maria Maddalena de Pazzi Church (Philadelphia), 90–92
santero art, 114
Santiago (St. James) festival, 123
Santo Niño (Holy Child) shrine (Chimayó), 115, 120, 121
and evangelical Christianity, 16;
history of the term, 6–7;
and Presbyterian Church, 11–16;
sacramental traditions of, 19–20;
and U.S. South, 24
secularization theory, 171
Smith, Jonathan, 94
social disciplining, domestic service and, 53–58
social evolutionary perspective, 149–152
sociology of religion, 168–184
South (U.S.), 1;
and evangelical Christianity, 175–176;
and Irish Americans, 17–18, 22
Spanish Colonial Arts Society, 126
Spencer, Herbert, 150
SSPP. See Saints Peter and Paul Church Standard Story (of Italian American Catholicism), xvi, 186;
components of, 63–68;
origins of, 86–93;
and Protestant imagination, 94–96
Starbuck, Edwin, 151
Stark, Rodney, 15;
emphasis on creed, 173–174;
on importance of strictnesss, 174–176;
on Irish Catholics, 176–177;
on powerful gods, 184–185;
on rise of Methodists and Baptists, 178–180;
and theory of religious economies, 171–172
Stations of the Cross, xii, 140
Steinberg, Stephen, 63
stem family, 44–45
Stevens-Arroyo, Anthony M., 139, 142, 146, 191
strictness: and free rider problem, 181–184;
importance of, in rational choice theory, 174–176
Swanson, Guy, 163
Sweet, William, 11
Tarango, Yolanda, 136
Tewa Indians, 114
Third Plenary Council (Baltimore), 31
Thurston, Herbert, xii
tongue-dragging, 92
Toronto, Irish Catholics in, 41–42
Tracy, David, xviii, 163–166, 174
Trent, Council of, xiii, 47–48
Treviño, Roberto, 134
Trinterud, Leonard, 10–11
Tweed, Thomas, 96, 130, 133, 154, 155, 191
Tylor, Edward, 150
Ulster Presbyterians. See Scotch-Irish
ultramontanism, 46–48
Vecoli, Rudolph, 63, 65, 85, 87
Via Crucis, 140
Weber, Max, 45, 55, 168–170, 172
white ethnics, 62
white masses, 108
William of Orange, 103
Wittke, Carl, 31
Wuthnow, Robert, 170–171, 182–183
Young, John Howard, 104–106
Zubaría, Antonio de, 122
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