Between Crown and Commerce: Marseille and the Early Modern Mediterranean

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Index

Abbey of Port-Royal-des-Champs, 163

absolutism, 1, 3, 15, 18, 49, 62

and critics, 74, 87–91

and Fabre, 48–49

and oriental despotism, 76

and Orientalism, 87–91

and plague, 17, 18, 129, 132

and public good, 21, 28

and republicanism, 6–10, 63

and sword nobility, 52, 73–75

and urbanization, 24, 25

Académie de Marseille, 181, 182–85

Académie des sciences et lettres, 82, 183

Académie of Massilia, 61, 183

Académie royale d’architecture, 25

accommodation, 7, 9, 14, 21, 52, 103

Acte déclaratif de l’état présent de la santé de Marseille, 153

administration, civic, 4–5, 7, 100, 156, 198n17

négociants in, 22–23, 51, 122–23, 185–88

and nobility, 22–23, 60, 185–88

and Ottoman merchants, 80

and plague, 17, 108, 111, 115–16, 127–29, 132–38, 141

agrandissement de Marseille, 24–31, 33, 122, 173. See also urbanization

agriculture, 15, 181, 186–87, 190

Aillaud, abbé, De l’ancienneté de Marseille, 69

Aix-en-Provence, 22, 23, 32, 138

Anne d’Autriche, 81

Arabs, 88, 89–90, 110, 212n18

aristocracy, 5, 7, 22, 67, 78, 79

and Boulainvilliers, 74, 88, 89, 90

and honor, 50–52, 182, 186, 188

and luxury, 76, 192

and négociants, 58, 185–88

and public good, 73–74

and virtue, 15, 194–95. See also nobility

Arles, Roman obelisk of, 70–72

Arméni, Antoine, 97

Armenians, 76, 77, 78, 80, 96, 97, 105, 161

and Colbert, 16, 98, 104

and Crown, 99, 101–2

and Edict of 1669, 98–99

Arnauld, Antoine, 163

Arnoul, Nicolas, 25, 27, 28, 30–33, 35, 49

Arrêt et règlement général fait par la chambre … pour la conservation de la santé publique, 137

Arvieux, Laurent d’, 81

Attias, Abraham, 100

Audrie, Laurens, 144

Avril, Père, 85, 87, 90

Barbary / Barbary Coast, 35–36, 117, 123, 124

Barsan, Ibraham, 101–2

Barsan, Oandjy, 101–2

Beauvilliers, duc de, 74

Belsunce, Henri Xavier de, 49, 149, 179, 219n34, 222n5

and Jansenism, 164, 165, 167, 168, 176–78

and plague, 158, 168, 170–71, 172, 175

and Sacred Heart, 159, 171–75, 177

and sexuality, 145, 168–69, 170, 179, 220n61

and Statuts synodaux du diocese de Marseille, 168–69

Bernis, Cardinal de, 63

Bertrand, Jean-Baptiste, 111, 131, 134, 141, 145

Bérulle, Pierre de, 163

Boccaccio, Giovanni, 132, 133–34

Bodin, Jean, 63, 76, 91

Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, 75

Boulainvilliers, Henri de, 52, 74, 76, 80, 88–91, 181

Bourbon monarchy, 1, 6, 11, 76, 192

Boureau-Deslandes, André-François, 189, 191–94, 223n48

Bourgogne, duc de, 74, 75

Bruny, Jean-Baptiste, 31

Bureau de l’agrandissement, 28–29, 30

Bureau de la santé, 17, 60, 108, 122–27, 134, 152, 153

autonomy of, 124–25

and Colbert, 24

correspondences among, 115, 116, 117

failure of, 133, 149, 151

and plague, 11, 126, 137, 138

Capitulation of 1673, 38–41

Casaulx, Charles de, 63, 64, 66

Catholics / Catholic Church, 79, 81

and expatriate renegades, 102, 103

and foreigners, 96

and Gallican conciliarism, 162, 163

and Jansenism, 158, 159, 163, 166–68, 175–79

and plague, 18, 158, 159, 162, 167, 168, 170

and public tribunal, 160

as republic, 159, 164, 165, 166, 179

and revocation of Edict of Nantes, 103, 104

and ultramontanism, 159, 164, 166, 178, 219n49

centralization, 37, 40, 46, 52, 123, 182

and Colbert, 21, 24, 116

and Crown, 2, 125, 126, 129, 130, 132

failure of, 125, 126, 128, 133, 157

and plague, 116, 125–28, 129, 132, 133, 153, 157

Chamber of Commerce, 2, 34, 37, 39, 52, 123, 124–25

and Armenians, 101, 102

and classical republicanism, 3

and Colbert, 21, 34, 36, 37, 39

and Crown, 14, 42

and duty-free port, 31, 32–33, 41, 43, 44

and échevinage, 32, 58, 60

and Edict of 1669, 31–34, 43, 44

and enfans de langue, 38

and Fabre, 44, 46, 48

and foreigners, 16, 98

founding of, 20

and freedom to trade, 40–41

and Jews, 100, 101

and plague, 143

and public good, 15, 21, 40

and Richelieu, 98

Chambon, Auguste, 41

Chamillart, Michel, 42, 44, 102, 203n94, 204n118

Chardin, Jean, 88

Charles d’Anjou, 22

Charles VIII, 96

Chasseneuz, Barthélémy de, 63

Chataud, Captain, 151, 152

Chelebi, Chain, 97

Chelebi, Jean, 97

Chevreuse, duc de, 74

Chicoyneau, François, 108, 111, 112, 114, 126

Chicoyneau, Michel, 114–15

Chirac, Pierre, 114

Christianity, 4, 53, 73, 75, 84, 87, 88, 90

Cicero, 63

citizens/citizenship, 3, 16, 178, 194–95

and Académie de Marseille, 183, 184

and commerce, 56

and naturalization, 97, 98, 99

négociants as, 5, 50, 58, 60, 105, 181, 185–88

parlement of Aix and, 154–55

and plague, 111–12, 130, 132–35, 141, 142, 143, 181

religious discussions on, 158, 159, 160, 164–66, 176, 179

and republicanism, 2, 14, 65, 66, 67, 75

and virtue, 182, 190–91

Clement VI (pope), 161

Clement XI (pope), 164, 168, 169

Code marchand, 51, 54, 55, 95

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 20, 53, 157

and Capitulation of 1673, 38, 39, 40

and Code marchand, 51, 54

and coinage, 36–37

and Council of Commerce, 203n92

death of, 22, 24, 34, 41, 101

and échevins, 25–31, 32, 33, 36–37, 41

and Edict of 1669, 31–34, 95, 97

and foreigners, 16, 77, 104

and immigrants, 97–104

mercantilism after death of, 42–43

and merchants, 4, 33, 34, 35–37, 50, 51, 54, 58, 149

migration before, 95–97

and naturalization, 33, 80, 93

and oriental despotism, 76

and piracy, 35–36

and plague, 108, 116, 117, 129

and public and private interest, 49

and public good, 21, 129

and public health, 123, 125

and religious others, 103, 104

and sailing escorts, 35–36

and sword nobles, 187

and urban expansion, 24–31

Colbertism, 74, 104–5

Colonie, André de, 50, 73, 93

Eclaircissement, 56–57

commercial civic spirit, 5–6, 14, 49, 73, 105, 133

and Académie of Marseille, 185

definition of, 53–54

and immigration, 78

nobility and, 60, 76

and plague, 149–53

post-plague, 180, 181, 182

and republicanism, 189

Commercial Ordinance, 51. See also Code marchand

Compagnie d’Occident, 124

conciliarism, 162–66. See also Jansenism/Jansenists

Condorcet, marquis de, 5

conquest of 1660, 12, 13, 16, 20, 51, 60, 133, 157

execution of, 10–11, 23–24

as liberation, 69

and Massilia, 61, 62

and republican traditions, 7

Conseil de la santé, 126, 127, 128, 132

Conseil du Commerce (1700), 22, 42–49, 50, 203n92

deputies of, 15, 41, 44, 46, 47–48

Constantinople, 83, 85, 106, 107, 109, 115

Constitution of 1767 (of Marseille), 188

Constitution of 1791, 195

consulates, Mediterranean, 39, 202n73

consuls (noble administrators of Marseille), 7, 23, 96, 98, 137

Council of Sixty, 10, 60, 63

Coyer, Gabriel-François, 57

crisis, 10, 18

historical study of, 12–13

and Law, 151

metaphors of, 166, 171

and plague, 132, 141, 160

Croissante, Pichatty de, 141, 144, 147, 173, 176

Crown, the, 1, 15, 23, 40, 157

and Académie de Marseille, 182, 183

aggrandizement of, 2, 3, 13, 18, 21, 24, 52, 53, 68, 73, 76, 82, 194

and Armenians, 98, 99, 101–2

and Boureau-Deslandes, 191, 192

and Bureau de la santé, 122, 123–26, 153

and Capitulation of 1673, 38–40

and classical republicanism, 2, 7, 8, 52, 61–64, 132

and Compagnie d’Occident, 124–25

and conciliarism, 162–63

and despotism, 3, 73, 74, 76–77

and Edict of 1669, 33–34

and Eon, 92, 93

and Etats de Provence, 199n7

and Fabre, 46, 47–49

and Fénelon, 6, 74–76

and Gallicanism, 162–63

and health maintenance, 123–25

and Jews, 99–101

and Langeron, 143–44, 153, 156

and municipal administrators, 198n17

and naturalization, 94, 95, 102, 209n61

and oriental despotism, 76

and Orientalism, 79, 81–82, 86, 87, 90–91

and Ottoman merchants and immigrants, 78

and parlement de Paris, 163–64, 167

and parlement de Provence, 100, 101, 154, 155, 156, 167

and plague, 17, 108–9, 117, 123–29, 132, 156

and Protestants, 103–4

and public good, 21, 28, 31, 33, 34

regulation by, 35, 37, 49, 50, 129

and revival of Massilia, 6, 52, 61, 62, 63, 69

and Revocation of Edict of Nantes, 99, 103

and Ruffis, 64, 65–67, 68

and sovereignty over French nationals, 39, 40

and sword nobles, 52, 73–74, 76, 88–90, 186, 188

and universality and inclusivity, 22, 51

and urban expansion, 31

and virtue, 185

Cuperly, Ahmet, 39

currency, 24, 36–37, 40, 46, 96, 99

Daguesseau, Henri-François, 42, 44, 63, 203n94

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 195

Defoe, Daniel, 107, 132, 133, 134

despotism: debates over royal, 73–76, 88–90

and Jansenism, 165, 166

and luxury, 10

oriental, 76, 79, 83

and Ottoman Empire, 17, 83, 84, 106

papal, 18, 165–66

and royal commandants, 154, 155

and Tournefort, 83, 84

Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, 59, 63, 111–12, 158

disinfection, 121–22, 137, 149–51, 152, 155

d’Oppède, Henri de Maynier, 25, 32, 33

duty-free port status, 24, 31, 32–34, 35, 41, 43–44, 47–48. See also tax

échevins/échevinage, 9, 14, 15, 98, 123, 149

and accommodation, 52

and Bureau de la santé, 122, 123

and centralization, 21, 123

and civic republicanism, 131

and conquest of 1660, 10

and constitution of 1767, 188

and Edict of 1669, 31, 32, 33, 40–41

and Law, 151–52

and martial law, 133, 138, 140, 143, 155–57, 170

mistrust of, 36–37, 152–53

and naturalization, 80, 97, 98, 102

and négociants, 58, 60

and plague, 108, 126–27, 130, 131, 133–35, 141

premier, 11, 58, 126, 151, 188

and public good, 21, 28, 31, 32–33

and republicanism, 130

and sex crimes, 145, 146, 149

and urban expansion, 25, 27–29, 30, 31

Edict of Fontainebleau, 80, 163

Edict of Nantes, 42

Revocation of, 99, 103

Edict of 1669, 24, 33, 37, 40, 80, 95, 117

and Chamber of Commerce, 31–34

and immigrants, 97–98

reinstatement of, 43, 44–48

success of, 31

education, 194

and Académie de Marseille, 184, 185

and interpreters, 38

and merchants, 54, 55, 56, 93, 184, 185, 190, 192, 194

and virtue, 74–76, 190, 192, 194

Encyclopédie, 61, 86, 121, 160

Encyclopédie méthodique, 58

enfans de langue, 38

Enlightenment, 5, 9–10, 14, 60, 86, 115, 160, 179

Eon, Jean, 73, 129

Commerce honorable, 58, 91–93

escorts, royal naval, 35–36

Estelle, Jean-Baptiste, 11, 126, 151, 186. See also échevins/échevinage: premier

Estienne, Dominique Alexis, 146, 147

expatriate renegades, 102–3

Fabre, Joseph, 44, 46–49, 203n96, 204n118

Fabre, Jourdan, 44

Fabre, Matthieu, 48

Fabre, Pierre-Jean, 110

Fénelon, François, 52, 181, 189, 207n71

Explications des maximes des saints, 75

Tables de Chaulnes, 75

Télémaque, 6, 74–76, 190

Traité de l’éducation des filles, 75

Féraud, Jean-François, 112

Fermanel, Gilles, 84, 85, 87, 90

Forbin, Palamède de, 22

foreigners, 46, 76, 91–93, 94–97, 181, 200n18

and Académie de Marseille, 182–85

and Colbert, 24, 98, 99, 100–104

and Edict of 1669, 32

exclusion and inclusion of, 103, 104–5

expulsion of, 162

and naturalization, 33

strains from, 96. See also immigration; naturalization

foreign merchants, 43, 80, 93, 95, 104

ambivalence toward, 76–77

and Boureau-Deslandes, 192

and Edict of 1669, 31, 33, 98

and Eon, 92, 93

and public good, 15–16, 99, 100, 104. See also merchants

Foresta, Joseph-Ignace de, 167, 219n49

Fouquet, Nicolas, 86

Francisco, Antoine-Marie, 97

Francisco, Marco, 97

François I, 76, 81, 92

French Revolution, 3, 9, 14, 156, 177, 189, 195

Gabriel, Pierre, 136

Gallicanism, 159, 162, 164, 178, 179

Gaudereau, Martin, 106

Gaufridi, Jean-François de, 69

Gautier, Père, 178

general good, 28, 33, 41, 48, 53, 134. See also public good

Georgi, Abro, 102

Georgi, Serpuis, 102

Giraud, Père, 181

Gouffre, Dorothée, 148–49

Gouffre, Joseph, 148

Gournay, Michel-Jean Amelot, marquis de, 42, 203n94

Grand Saint-Antoine (ship), 11, 105, 126

Granier, Mariane, 146–47

Greece, ancient, 3, 7, 22, 65, 76, 82, 86, 195

and Boureau-Deslandes, 191, 223n48

and Massilia (Marseille), 52, 61–63, 69, 84–85, 183

and plague, 110–11, 132, 141, 142

relics in Provence from, 64, 70–73

Guedon, Jean (Ramadan), 102, 103

Guidy, Dominique, 25

Guise, duc de, 66

Guyon, Jeanne-Marie Bouvier de La Motte, 75

Guys, Pierre-Augustin, 78, 183–84

Haitze, Joseph, 69

Hapsburgs, 42, 76, 81, 82

Haye, Denis de la, 38

health administration, 117–18, 121–23, 126–30

and royal regulation, 13, 17, 108, 122–25, 127, 129

health intendants, 108, 115–16, 124, 126–27, 134, 135

failure of, 128–30, 149, 151, 152

Henry III, 67

Henry IV, 63, 65–66

Herbelot, Barthélemy d’, 85–87, 88, 90

Hippocratic medicine, 17, 113, 115, 116, 128, 130

and humoral theory, 109–10, 112, 113

and Orientalism, 107, 108

historicism, republican, 6, 15, 52, 62, 69, 70, 189

and Marseille, 60–64, 73, 78, 133

during plague, 142–43. See also republicanism, classical

Holy Roman Empire, 81

honor, 54, 93, 182, 195

and négociants, 5, 50, 51, 59, 60, 73, 76, 78, 105, 149

and noblility, 51, 52, 58, 76, 155, 186–87. See also virtue

Hôpital Saint Jacques de Galice, 128

Hôtel de Ville, 30, 32, 135, 139

Hottinger, Johann Heinrich, 86

Howard, John, 118

Huguenots, 79, 103, 104

humanism, 8, 53, 175, 197n8

Île de Pomegues, 118

immigration, 16, 76, 77, 78, 80, 94, 102, 129

and Académie de Marseille, 182–83

and Belsunce, 222n5

and Colbert, 97–104

before Colbert, 95–97

and Eon, 92, 93

after plague, 180, 181

policy against, 91. See also foreigners; naturalization

Innocent III (pope), 56

Innocent XI (pope), 162

intendants, royal, 14, 15, 42, 43, 57, 70, 77

and Armenians, 102

and Colbert, 20–22, 25, 28–31, 33–35, 100, 104

and Council of Commerce, 44

and Edict of 1669, 33, 34

and Fénelon, 75

and foreigners, 16

and Jews, 100

and local administrators, 9, 10, 14, 16, 21

and merchants, 4, 35, 44, 57, 151

and naval escorts, 35

and parlement of Aix, 199n7

and plague, 123, 124, 126–28, 138

Islam, 80, 81, 84, 87, 88, 96, 97, 106

Italian city-states, 20, 29, 53, 118

Jan III Sobieski, 41–42

Janissary militia, 83–84

Jansen, Cornelius, 163

Jansenism/Jansenists, 18, 75, 158, 162–66, 175, 207n71, 219n49

and Belsunce, 167–68, 172, 175, 176, 178

and civic activity, 160, 176

and despotism, 6, 164, 165

and plague, 167, 168, 175

and public tribunals, 160, 177–79

and theology, 159, 163

and virtue, 166–67

Janson, Jacques de Forbin de, 167

Jeanne, Queen, 161

Jesuits, 74, 169, 171, 175

Jews, 38, 76, 77, 78, 80, 96, 103

and anti-Semitism, 161–62

and Boulainvilliers, 89

and Colbert, 16, 98–99, 100, 105

and Crown, 99–101

expulsion of, 97, 100, 162

and Herbelot, 87

and usury, 99

Julius Caesar, 22, 61, 65, 70, 90, 111, 141

Justification des PP. de l’Oratoire de Marseille, 177, 179

Köprülü viziers, 81

Koran, 87

La Borde, Vivien de, 165–66, 178, 179, 219n34

Lagny, Jean-Baptiste de, 43

Langeron, Charles de, 149, 153, 156, 170, 176, 179

and classical republicanism, 140, 141, 142–43

and crime, 144–45

and disinfection, 150, 153, 155

Mémoire au sujet d’une désinfection générale, 152

and négociants, 149–50, 152

and parlement, 153, 154, 155, 194

and sexual crimes, 145–46, 147, 149

La Tour du Pin-Montauban, Monsigneur de, 167, 219n45

law, 28, 55, 56, 94–95

martial, 132–33, 140, 144, 154, 155

and plague, 134, 138, 140

universal, 47, 52, 54

Law, John, 11, 151–52, 182, 216n74

lazarettos, 108, 117, 118–22, 123, 124, 126

Le Blanc, Claude, 127

Lebret, Pierre-Cardin, 124, 151

Le Maître de Sacy, Antoine, 163

Lepanto, battle of (1571), 81

Lettre à Monseigneur l’évêque de Marseille, 165

Levant, the, 2, 6, 20, 37, 54, 92, 130, 180

and Bureau de la santé, 117, 122, 123–24

duty-free trade with, 11, 46, 48, 125

and Edict of 1669, 98

merchants and immigrants from, 77, 80, 95, 96, 97, 98

and plague, 105, 108, 117, 118, 123–24

positive evaluations of, 82, 84, 85, 88, 91

state-subsidized studies of, 79, 82

and trade monopoly, 21, 31, 43, 44, 47

Libertat, Pierre de, 65–66

Liquier, André, 184

Louis IX, 22

Louis XI, 22, 64

Louis XIII, 63, 81, 192

Louis XIV, 1, 5, 7, 53, 82, 157, 185

and aliens, 95

and ancient relics, 70, 71

and architecture, 25

and Boulainvilliers, 74, 76, 80, 87, 88, 90

and Boureau-Deslandes, 192

and Bureau de la santé, 122

and Capitulation of 1673, 38, 39

and conquest of 1660, 10–11, 12, 20, 22, 23–24, 66

critics of, 3–4, 73–77, 79, 88, 90

death of, 164

and Fabre, 46, 204n118

and Fénelon, 6, 74, 75

and foreigners, 16, 77, 78, 104, 105

and Herbelot, 86

and Jansenism, 163, 167

and Marseillais civic regime, 10–11, 60, 61, 62–63, 122

and oriental despotism, 76, 77

and Ottomans, 76, 77, 79, 81–82

and plague, 117, 129, 138, 140

and provincial elites, 8–9

and public interest, 49

and religious intolerance, 79, 80, 87, 99–100, 103–4

and revocation of Edict of Nantes, 99

and Savary, 54

and Tournefort, 83

and urbanization, 24

wars of, 35, 38, 42, 74, 82

Louis XV, 61, 195

luxury, 5, 10, 18, 73, 149, 159, 183

and Belsunce, 145, 168, 170, 171, 173

and Boulainvilliers, 74, 88, 89

and Boureau-Deslandes, 192–93, 223n48

and classical republicanism, 3, 4, 9, 15, 181

and Fénelon, 6, 74, 76

and financiers, 3, 6, 9, 152

and Ottoman Empire, 79, 81, 84

and plague, 145

and Ramsay, 190, 191

and urban expansion, 27

Magy, Jean-Baptiste, 97

Mahomet, 88, 90

Maintenon, Madame de, 74, 75

Malebranche, Nicolas, 75

Marat, Jean-Paul, 10

Marchebeus, 121

market, 1, 4, 35, 50, 54, 59, 73, 152

duty-free, 46, 193

and plague, 18, 130, 133, 137

Marxism, 9

Massilia, 22, 52, 65, 183, 184, 206n41, 207n65

commercial and moral regeneration of, 7

founding, decline, and resurrection of, 52

and plague, 111, 132

republican revival of, 61–62

and Ruffi, 68, 69

Mazarin, Cardinal, 10, 20, 23, 81

Mediterranean, the, 1, 2, 11, 12, 13–14, 25, 82, 96

Mehmet IV, 38, 39, 76

Meilleraye, maréchal de la, 91

Mémoire sur les infirmaries, 152

Mémoire sur quelques abus, 152–53

mercantilism, 1, 4, 53, 88, 157

and Colbert, 80

and Levant, 79

post-Colbert, 41, 42, 43

merchants, 23, 40–41, 58, 90, 193, 194

and Bureau de la santé, 122–23

and Capitulation of 1673, 39, 40

and classical republicanism, 3, 5, 7

and Colbert, 33, 34, 35–37, 149

and conquest of 1660, 10, 11

and constitution of 1767, 188

dangers to, 16, 35–36, 58–59

and Edict of 1669, 33

elite, 14–15, 21, 57

as exemplary citizens, 15, 46, 73, 188

and honor, 50, 51, 73, 105

mistrust of, 4, 49, 152

and morality, 4, 149

and plague, 14, 17, 117, 127, 129, 133, 136, 151, 152, 181

private vs. public interests, 46, 48

and public good, 7, 35, 53

retail, 6, 51, 52, 57, 58

and sailing escorts, 35–36

and Savary, 54–56

and self-interest, 21, 33, 35, 36–37, 43–44, 50, 105, 149–53, 187

and urban expansion, 25, 30

and virtue, 6, 10, 56, 73, 105, 183–85, 188. See also foreign merchants; négociants

military commandants, 131, 132–33, 140, 154–56

monarchy, 63, 69, 73, 81, 190. See also Crown, the

Montesquieu, baron de, 189

Lettres persanes, 79–80, 177

Spirit of the Laws, 187

morality, 3, 59, 75, 158, 183–84, 193

and Belsunce, 168–69, 170

and corruption, 18, 24

and plague, 13, 110–12, 129–30, 132, 140, 145

and precedents concerning plague, 133–36

universal characteristics of, 195

and urban expansion, 27, 30. See also honor; virtue

Morant, Thomas, 43, 100

Napollon, Sanson, 97

naturalization, 80, 91, 93, 97, 162, 192, 209n61

and Colbert, 33, 97–98

procedures for, 94–95

and tax of 1697, 95, 102. See also foreigners

négociants, 10, 13, 21, 35, 44, 88, 183

and aristocracy, 15, 51, 52, 73, 185–88

and Bureau de la santé, 122–23, 151, 152

and civic leadership, 10, 185–88

and classical republicanism, 51

and constitution of 1767, 188

as corrupt, 149, 151, 152

definitions of, 57–60

and disinfection, 150–51, 152, 155

and Edict of 1669, 31

as health intendants, 149, 151, 152

and honor, 5, 51, 59, 60, 73, 76, 78, 105, 149

internationalism of, 58–59, 60

and Langeron, 149–50, 152, 155

and monarchy, 157

naturalized, 97

and nobility, 51, 52, 73, 185–89

parfait, 51, 54–56, 129, 151

and plague, 129, 133, 138, 143, 186

and retail merchants, 51, 52

and Savary, 54–56

self-interest of, 187, 188

and virtue, 50, 57, 58, 60, 76–77, 78, 105, 149, 151, 188, 189

and wholesale trading, 57–58. See also merchants

Niozelles, Gaspard de Glandevès-, 23

Noailles, Cardinal de, 163–64

nobility, 194, 195

and civic administration, 10, 60, 185–89

and classical republicanism, 3

and conquest of 1660, 10

and Eon, 92, 93

and Fénelon, 6, 74, 75, 76

foreign investments by, 54

and négociants, 50, 51, 58, 60, 73

and overseas commerce, 81

and Rule of Saint-Vallier, 23

and Sièyes, 195

support for market by, 15, 51, 52, 60, 64

and turkerie, 82. See also aristocracy; robe nobility; sword nobility

Nointel, Charles François Olier, marquis de, 39

Notre-Dame des Anges, 164

Nouvelles Infirmeries, 117

Olivier, G.-A., 107

Olivier, M., 183

Oratorians / Oratory College, 164, 168, 176, 177, 219n34

Ordres à observer pour empescher … la peste, 134

Orientalism, 16, 79, 82, 87, 91

and plague, 17, 107, 108, 115

and royal absolutism, 87–91

state-sponsored, 81–87

Ottoman Empire, 1, 2, 37, 38, 105, 195

and Capitulation of 1673, 24, 39

dangers of, 11, 16, 50, 79, 84, 85

degeneracy of, 17, 78, 82, 83, 84

and despotism, 17, 76

and disease, 59–60

and Herbelot, 86–87

and Marseille, 77

and morality, 59

and Orientalism, 16, 79, 81–87

and plague, 11, 17, 106, 109, 115, 116, 122, 130

positive depictions of, 85–86

post-plague trade with, 180

and self-interest, 17

and siege of Vienna, 42

stereotypes of, 78, 87, 108

and Tournefort, 83, 106

papacy/popes, 6, 18, 159, 162–64, 165, 167, 168, 172

Paris, 12, 24, 25

parlement of Paris, 39, 163, 164, 165, 167

parlement of Provence, 6, 96, 103, 194, 199n7, 219n49

and Colbert, 25, 33, 99

and Edict of 1669, 33

and immigrants, 96, 97, 99, 103

and Jansenism, 159, 167–68

and Jews, 100–101, 103

and Langeron, 194

and plague, 132, 137, 138, 153–157, 162

parlements/parlementaires, 54, 86, 179

and immigrants, 80

and republicanism, 63, 64, 69

and travel writing, 79, 84

Pascal, Blaise, 163

Pastoralis Officii, 164, 168

patriotism, 14, 52, 60, 183, 192, 194, 195

Peiresc, Nicolas-Claude Fabri de, 64

Pelisson, Elisabeth and Catherine, 146–47

Pestalozzi, Jérôme-Jean, 106, 108, 109, 112–14

Phélypeaux, Jérôme, 42

Philippe, duc d’Orléans, 1, 157, 164, 167, 168, 185

Pilles, Alphonse de Fortia de, 69, 102, 151

piracy, 21, 100, 107

Barbary, 24, 35, 39, 81, 97, 100, 104

escorts against, 35–36

Pitton, Jean-Scholastique, 111

plague, 12, 16–17, 96, 116, 132, 135, 167

and Académie de Marseille, 181, 182, 184

and anti-Semitism, 161–62

and Belsunce, 158, 168, 170–71, 172, 175

and bills of health, 122, 123, 127, 137

and Black Death of 1347, 109, 110

and Boccaccio, 133

causes of, 109, 149, 211n10

and charity, 18, 130, 159, 175–76, 178

and commercial civic spirit, 105

and commissaires, 137–38, 144, 149, 203n94

and containment, 136, 137, 138, 140

and crime, 18, 133, 136, 137, 138, 140, 144–45, 149, 154–55

and merchandise, 149, 150–51

and modern power structures, 156–57

and mortality rates, 11, 198n28

and oriental context, 13, 105, 106, 107

and Ottoman Empire, 17, 84, 106, 115

and parlement of Provence, 123, 132, 137, 143, 145, 153–57, 162

prevention initiatives for, 108, 115, 117

and quarantine, 17, 117, 118, 126, 136

rationalization of, 112–15

repopulation after, 180–81

and republicanism, 17, 131, 141, 142, 143, 157

and Sacred Heart, 172–75

and sword nobles, 186, 187

symptoms of, 109, 113

and Thucydides, 110–11, 114, 132

and Tournefort, 83

and trade, 106–7

and travel interdiction, 137

and volunteerism, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 138, 140

plague, of 1720, 10, 11, 12, 17, 109, 116, 159, 168

centralization and failures during, 125–30

and Chicoyneau, 114–15

importance of, 128–30

and martial law, 138, 140, 143, 144, 148, 154, 155

memories of, 181, 185, 189

and military commandants, 17–18, 130, 143, 144, 147, 149

and mortality rates, 105

religious interpretations of, 158, 159, 167, 179

repopulation after, 180–81

Te Deum of Deliverance from, 11

and Terror, 156–57

transnational context of, 13–14

Plague Act of 1604, 156

politique des Jesuites demasquée, La (pamphlet), 164–65

Pontchartrain, Jêrome de, 42, 203n94

Pontchartrain, Louis Phélypeaux, comte de, 42, 43, 44, 83, 101, 204n118

Portal, Matthieu, 29

Poullet, Sieur, 83–84, 85, 87, 90

Pradel, Jean du, 52

Traité contre le luxe, 74

prostitution, 133, 136, 145–47, 149, 153, 170

Protestants, 16, 80, 96, 103–4, 163, 175

and Edict of 1669, 98

expulsion of, 97

and Islam, 88

and Revocation of Edict of Nantes, 99, 103

Provence, 22, 65, 72, 85, 100, 182

anti-Semitism in, 161, 162

and immigration, 96, 97

and Jansenism, 162, 164, 165, 167

and naturalization, 94

parlement of, 6, 96, 103, 153–56, 194, 199n7, 219n49

as pays d’état vs. pays d’élections, 22

and plague, 109, 126–28, 132, 137–38, 140–42

relics in, 70, 72

robe nobility of, 51–52, 60

public good, 3, 16, 21, 28, 73–74, 91, 93

and Boureau-Deslandes, 192

and Colbert, 21, 35, 129

and Council of Commerce, 15, 22

and échevins, 21, 31, 40, 41

and Edict of 1669, 33

and Fabre, 46–47, 48–49

and immigrants, 104

and Jews, 99, 100

king as sole guarantor of, 28, 40, 46

and merchants, 7, 46, 53

and merchants vs. Crown, 21, 28, 34, 35, 40, 41

and plague, 17, 132, 133, 135, 143, 155

threats to, 14–15. See also general good

public tribunals, 160, 177–79

Puget, Gaspard, 29

Puget, Pierre, 29

quarantine, 17, 115, 117, 121, 122, 124, 126, 137

and Edict of 1669, 32, 34

and plague, 17, 117, 118, 126, 136

and syndics, 134

Quesnel, Pasquier, 163, 167

Ramsay, Andrew, A New Cyropaedia, 189–91

Ranchin, François, 135, 136

rape, 145, 148

Règlement du sort, 23, 63, 64, 66–68

regulation, of commerce, 182, 190

and Crown, 4, 21, 24, 37

and public good, 48–49

and public health, 123–25

and universal laws, 93

religion, 16, 53, 81, 149, 159, 179

and baroque piety, 160, 169

and Boureau-Deslandes, 192

and charity, 159, 175–76, 178

and civic spirit, 159–60

and civic virtue, 56–57

and classical republicanism, 3

and disinterestedness, 15, 75

and heterodoxy, 18

and luxury, 159

non-Catholic, 104

and plague, 17, 18, 135, 145, 168

and Sacred Heart, 171–75

tolerance in, 79, 80, 87, 88, 101. See also Belsunce; Catholics / Catholic Church; Islam; Jansenism/Jansenists; Protestants

Rémuzat, Anne-Magdelaine, 171–72

republic, 6, 15, 73, 75

Church as, 159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 166, 179

cyclical trajectory of, 52, 143

and monarchy, 63, 64, 66, 69, 73

and plague, 17, 132, 143, 171, 179

and Ruffis, 64, 65, 67

republicanism, classical, 2–5, 7, 54, 185, 189

and absolutism, 6–10

and Burgundy Circle, 73, 74

and Crown, 2–3, 8

and economic expansionism, 9

and Fabre, 48

and Great Plague, 130

and Jansenism, 160, 164, 207n71

and luxury, 3, 4, 9, 15, 181

and market, 105

and Massilia, 7, 52, 61, 62, 65

municipality as repository of, 7

and négociants, 51

and plague, 13–14, 17, 18, 133, 140, 141, 142

post-plague, 181, 182

and Ramsay, 190–91

revival of, 50, 61–62, 66, 67, 68–69

and Antoine de Ruffi, 68

and Louis-Antoine de Ruffi, 68

and sword nobility, 52, 73, 74, 188. See also historicism, republican

république/républicain, as terms, 63, 64

Ricaud, Monsieur, 69

Richelieu, Cardinal, 23, 81, 91, 98, 192

robe nobility, 15, 51–52, 54, 60–61, 62, 73, 76–77, 157. See also aristocracy; nobility; sword nobility

Rome, ancient, 2, 7, 61, 62, 63, 65, 195, 207n65

and Boureau-Deslandes, 191

and classical republicanism, 3

and Colbert, 24, 25

and Fénelon, 75

and Herbelot, 86

and Ottoman Empire, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86

and plague, 141, 142, 143

relics from, 23, 70–73

and Louis-Antoine de Ruffi, 68, 69

shared heritage with, 84, 85

and sword nobility, 76

Romieu, Chevalier de, 183

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 10, 75–76, 121, 184, 193

Roustan, François, 25

Roze, Charles, 141–43

Ruffi, Antoine de, 64–69, 70, 73

Histoire de la ville de Marseille, 64, 65

Histoire des comtes de Provence, 64

Le Règlement du sort, 64, 66–68

Ruffi, Louis-Antoine de, 68–69, 70, 73

Histoire de Marseille, 64, 68–69

Ruffi, Pierre de, 64

Ruffi, Robert, 64

Rule of Cossa, 23

Rule of Saint-Vallier, 23

Sacred Heart of Jesus, 18, 159, 160, 171–75, 177

Saint Fargeau, Michel-Robert le Peletier, comte de, 42

Santa Maria di Nazaret, 118

Savary, Guillaume, 54

Savary, Jacques, 50, 51, 57, 73, 76, 93, 129

Le parfait négociant, 54–56, 58

Savary, Jean, 54

secularization, 159–60

Seignelay, Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Colbert, marquis de, 43, 100, 101

Semiane, Gaspard de, 64

sexuality, 134, 145–49, 153, 159, 168–69, 170, 185, 220n61. See also prostitution

Sieyès, abbé, 194, 195

slaves, galley, 24, 98, 138, 142, 162

state/statism, 1, 13, 15, 48, 49, 50, 105, 157

and civic excellence, 15

and civic spirit, 54

and conquest of 1660, 11

and négociants, 51, 54, 151

and plague, 17, 129

and republicanism, 7, 8, 63

and urbanization, 24–25

and utility, 7, 15, 49, 51, 52, 57, 60

Suleiman the Magnificent, 76, 81

Sully, duc de, 190

surveillance, 17, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127–28, 144, 156

and centralization, 129–30

during plague, 132, 134, 135

sword nobility, 3, 15, 16, 52, 73, 193

and Boulainvilliers, 73, 80, 88

and Burgundy Circle, 73, 74

and civic leadership, 181, 185–88

and Crown, 186, 188

and plague, 181, 185, 186, 187

and post-conquest civic regime, 60

and public spirit, 186

republican historicism of, 52, 73

and republicanism, 188

and royal despotism, 73, 74, 76

and virtue, 74, 76, 186, 189. See also nobility; robe nobility

Taneron, Honoré, 148–49

Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, 81, 88

tax, 24, 25, 27, 40, 43, 47, 75

cottimo, 32, 34, 38

of naturalization (1697), 95, 102. See also duty-free port status

tax farmers, 9, 32, 34, 41, 46, 47, 48

Terragon, Pierre (Ali Raix), 102, 103

Terran, Monsieur, Discours, 147

Thévenot, Jean, 88

Thomas, Catherine, 54

Thucydides, 110–11, 114, 132

Toulon, Maurice de, 135–36

Tournefort, Joseph de, 83, 87, 90, 106

Troy, J. B. de, 142

Unigenitus, 163–64, 166, 167, 168

urbanization, 24–31, 33, 41, 68, 122, 133, 173

utility, 15, 57, 105, 188, 191

and commercial civic spirit, 54

and patriotism, 60

and statism, 7, 49, 51, 80, 182

Valbelle, Antoine de, 23, 38–39

Valeriolle, Nicolas de, 136, 141

Vauban, Sébastien le Prestre, marquis de, 42

Vauvenargues, Joseph de Clapiers, seigneur de, 126

Vendôme, duc de, 23

Venelle, Madame de, 83

Venice, 15

lazaretto of, 118

and republic, 63

and Ruffi, 66

and Turkey, 85

Vernet, Joseph, 180

Villeréal, Joseph, 100–101, 103

virtue, 54, 157, 195

and Académie de Marseille, 183, 184

and aristocracy, 15, 73, 74, 186, 187, 188, 189

and Belsunce, 170, 179

and Boulainvilliers, 88, 89, 90

and Boureau-Deslandes, 191, 192, 194

and Catholic orthodoxy, 166, 167, 171, 179

and citizenship, 2, 80

and classical republicanism, 2, 3, 6

and commerce, 5, 56, 57, 181–82, 189, 191

and contract, 57

and despotism, 73

and Fénelon, 6, 74, 75

and foreigners, 16, 77

and Guys, 183–84

and honor, 50–51, 188, 189, 195

and Islam, 87

and Italian city-states, 53

and Jansenism, 166–67, 171, 176, 178, 179

and Langeron, 140, 141, 143, 145, 149, 153, 155

and Liquier, 184–85

and luxury, 3, 5, 6, 74, 75

and market, 5, 54, 56, 57, 149

of Massilia, 61

and merchants, 6, 10, 56, 73, 105, 149, 185–89

monarchy as guarantor of, 157, 185

and négociants, 50, 57, 58, 60, 76–77, 78, 105, 149, 151, 186–89

and parlement, 155

and personal vs. public interests, 5

and plague, 17, 18, 111, 130, 132, 133, 140, 141, 143, 145, 156, 171, 181

and public good, 21

and Ramsay, 190, 191

and Antoine de Ruffi, 65, 66, 67, 68

and Savary, 55–56

and self-interest, 6

and sword nobility, 52, 74, 76, 186, 189, 195. See also honor; morality

war, 5, 81–82, 180

and Louis XIV, 35, 38, 39, 42, 74, 82

women, 145, 146, 148, 169, 170, 184, 185, 206n41

Yersin, Alexandre, 109