War and Health Insurance Policy in Japan and the United States: World War II to Postwar Reconstruction

Notes

preface 1. Asahi Shimbun, “Nara no Ninpu ga Shibo, Jukyu no Byoin ga Tenso Kyohi, Rokujikan Hochi”[Apregnantwomandied,nineteenhospitalsrejectedthepatient,shewasleftalonefor six hours], October 17, 2006, available at www.asahi.com/kansai/news/OSK200610170022 .html, accessedMay30,2009. 2. For example, see Yomiuri Shimbun, “8 Byoin Kyohi, Ninpu Shibo” [Eight hospitals maderejections,apregnantwomandied],October28,2008,availableatwww.yomiuri.co.jp/ iryou/news/iryou_news/20081028-OYT8T00224.htm, accessed May 30, 2009. 3. PrimeMinisterofJapanandHisCabinet,“PolicySpeechPrimeMinisterNaotoKanat the174thSessionoftheDiet,”availableatwww.kantei.go.jp/foreign/kan/statement/201006/ 11syosin_e.html, accessed June 29, 2010. 4. Barack Obama, “Remarks by the President in State of the Union Address,” available at www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-state-union-address, accessed June 29, 2010. introduction 1. In this book, “World War II” means, for Japan, the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) between Japan and China and the Pacific War (1941–1945) between Japan and the Allied Powers; for the United States, it signifies the combat from 1941 to 1945. 2. This term, “health insurance system,” includes activities in public and private health insurance as well as any lack of activities that result in uninsured citizens. 3. This is not to suggest that the postwar reconstruction of Japan and the United States ended in 1952, but that year was a watershed of the postwar recovery in both countries, as the following chapters show. 4. Koseirodo Hakusho, White Paper of Health, Labour and Welfare, 2007, 54–55, available at www.mhlw.go.jp/wp/hakusyo/kousei/07/dl/0102-c.pdf, accessed May 30, 2009. 5. U.S.CensusBureau,Income,Poverty,andHealthInsuranceCoverageintheUnitedStates: 2006, available at www.census.gov/prod/2007pubs/p60-233.pdf, accessed February 29, 2008. The groups do not add up to 100% because some people have multiple kinds of health insurance. 6. Amenta, “What We Know,” 92. Notes 138 notes to pages 3–12 7. Steinmo and Watts, “It’s the Institutions, Stupid!” See also Immergut, Health Politics. 8. On the relationship between congresspersons and their parties in the United States, see Jacobson, Politics of Congressional Elections. 9. MuramatsuandKrauss,“BureaucratsandPoliticiansinPolicymaking.”Ontheindustrial policy area, see Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle. 10. Hacker, “Historical Logic of National Health Insurance,” 72. 11. Ibid. 12. Katznelson, City Trench. 13. Pempel and Keiichi, “Corporatism without Labor?” 14. For example, see Hollingsworth, Political Economy of Medicine. 15. Mizuno, Dare mo Kakanakatta Nihon Ishikai. 16. Hartz, Liberal Tradition in America. 17. Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 509. 18. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, 31. 19. Hall, “Monarch for Modern Japan.” 20. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, 212. For the cultural transformation in the formative period of modern Japan, see Gluck, Japan’s Modern Myths; and Garon, Molding Japanese Minds. 21. Lipset, American Exceptionalism, 213. 22. Ibid., 253. 23. Pierson, “Not Just What but When,” 75. 24. David, “Clio and the Economics of QWERTY.” 25. Pierson, “Not Just What but When.” 26. Hacker, Divided Welfare State. 27. Kawakami, Gendai Nihon Iryoshi. See also Adam D. Sheingate and Takakazu Yamagishi , “Occupation Politics: American Interests and the Struggle over Health Insurance in Postwar Japan,” Social Science History 30, no. 1 (Spring 2006): 137–64. 28. Collier and Collier, Shaping the Political Arena. 29. Kasza, “War and Comparative Politics,” 355. See also Kasza, One World of Welfare, ch. 2. 30. Sho, Nihongata Fukushi Kokka no Keisei to Jugonen Senso. 31. Mayhew, “War and American Politics”; and Katznelson and Shefter, eds., Shaped by War and Trade. 32. Titmuss, Essays on the Welfare State, 82. Another example of such work was Eckstein, English Health Service. 33. Kasza, “War and Comparative Politics,” 357–58. 34. Sho, Nihongata Fukushi Kokka no Keisei to Jugonen Senso. Sho notes that there were some Japanese scholars who dealt with the relationship between war and social policy, such as Okouchi Kazuo, Kazahaya Yasoji, Kohashi Shoichi, and Takenaka Katsuo. 35. Sho, Nihongata Fukushi Kokka no Keisei to Jugonen Senso; and Kasza, “War and Welfare Policy in Japan.” 36. Kryder, Divided Arsenal. 37. Klausen, War and Welfare. 38. Dryzek and Goodin, “Risk-Sharing and Social Justice.” notes to pages 12–20 139 39. Bensel, Yankee Leviathan, ch. 3. 40. DanielKryderalsonotesapossibilitythatthedegreeofwar’sdevastationmighthave mattered to policy outcomes. By the summer of 1943, according to The Crisis, there was a “longwar”argument,whichwas“currentlydebatedwherevercoloredAmericansgatherand talk.” Horace Cayton described it: “The graver the outside danger to the safety of this country , the more abundant the gains [for African Americans] will likely be.” Kryder, Divided Arsenal, 15. 41. Titmuss, Essays on the Welfare...