Index Aaron, Hank, 130 Adorno, Theodor, Aesthetic Theory, 12–14 Agar, Nicholas, 60 agency of athletes, 132, 136–37 agrarian ideal, 121 agricultural biotechnology, x–xi agriculture, industrial model of, 121–23 altitude training, 159, 162, 164 amniocentesis, 111 amour propre, 36 analytic truths, 89 antecedent interests, 160–62 anthropocentrism, 11–12, 95–96 antidoping, critics of, 195–96 antifoundationalist theories, 2 appeals to nature: aesthetic rationale for, 12–14; in bioethics, 126–27; biotechnology and, 141–44; as both vital and problematic, 176–78; breast-feeding and, 101–3; Buchanan and, 103–4; comparative examination of, xii–xiv; constraint-based account of, 144–46; definition of, ix; disability and, 55; discrimination and injustice in, 108–9; environment and, xi; genetic manipulation of offspring and, 106–8; grateful contentment and, 110–11; history of, 98; human bodies and, ix–x; humility and, 114–15; as implicit, 10–12; Mill and, 99–100; moral rules and, 126–27; other species and, x–xi; policy and, xi; President ’s Council on Bioethics and, 104–6, 108; Sandel and, 100–101 Aristotle: essentialist view and, 50; Kass on, 58; natural philosophy of, 19–20, 38–39; point of equipoise and, 177; view of procreation of, 105 Arnhart, Larry, 51–52 artifacts: definition of, 72; ecological restoration and, 72–78; Kant and, 4–5; public policy and, 81–82 artificial, dualism in conceptions of, 93 athletic achievement: authenticity of, 132–33, 136–37, 192; biotechnology for enhancement of, 131, 132–38; collective pride in, 130–31; estrangement of athletes from fans, 139–40; repudiation of bodies of athletes, 138–39; thresholds for defining, 142–43. See also sports Atwater, Lee, 191 audience, and elite sports, 149–50 baseball: home run records in, 130, 140–41; performance enhancement and, 146–47; Rawls on, 179; rule changes in, 140–41, 192 basketball, rule changes in, 192–93 Benjamin, Walter, 13 Berry, Wendell, 121–25, 126–28 Beyond Therapy (President’s Council on Bioethics), 58, 135–41 bioethics, appeals to nature in, 126–27. See also President’s Council on Bioethics biological versus nonbiological products, 91–92 biotechnology: agricultural, x–xi; appeals to nature and, 141–44; for enhancement of athletic performance, 131, 132–38; lack of transparency and, 142; pace of innovation in, 142; President’s Council on Bioethics and, ix, 135–41; resistance to forms of, 14. See also enhancement technologies; genetic modification bodies, human: appeals to nature and, ix–x; of athletes, repudiation of, 138–39; environmental interventions on, 64–65; genetic interventions into, 64; purpose of, 194 202 Index Creation: An Appeal to Save Life on Earth (Wilson), 17, 21 Critical Realism, 7 Critique of Judgment (Kant), 4–5, 12 Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 177–78 The Crossing (McCarthy), 115–21 cultural order, principles of, 9 cultural property as antecedent interest, 161–62 culture: conventions of, and developments in genetic engineering, 2–3; dialectic of nature and, 43–45; dualism between nature and, 74–75; logic of nature and, 36–39; nature, humanity and, 30–31, 40–46 Currie, Gregory, 153 cyborg theorists, 10 Deep Blue chess computer, 155, 156 “deep ecology” movement, xix defense of living nature, collective action for, 25–26 DeGrazia, David, 98 Dennett, Daniel, 102 deontological approach of Rawls, 188–89 difference principle, 184, 197 DiMaggio, Joe, 139 disability, human: concepts of, 177; grateful contentment and, 111; norms versus individual differences and, 54–56 Discourse on the Origins and Foundations of Inequality among Men (Rousseau), 36, 38 diversity, and cloning, 107–8 DNA of twins, 111–12n2 Dollimore, Jonathan, 2, 9 domination of natural systems: ecological restoration and, 72–78; Nazi medical experiments and, 79–81 dominion over nature: Christianity and, 22–23; scholastic conception of natural law and, 23–26 dualism: Cartesian, 93–96; between culture and nature, 74–75; transcendental, and Kant, 45 ecological restoration, 72–78 Ehrlich, Paul, 51 Elliot, Robert, 78 Ellul, Jacques, 75 Bolt, Usain, 152 Bonds, Barry, 130, 141, 174 boundaries, as fluid, 119–20 breast-feeding, resurgence of, 101–3 Buchanan, Allen, 98, 103–4, 108, 126 Buck-Moss, Susan, 13 Buddhism, 176–77 Burke, Edmund, 142 Butler, Judith, 29 Cartesian dualism, 93–96 The Case against Perfection (Sandel), 100–101, 119, 123–24 character-based theories of ethics, 27n. 5 cheating, detection of, 163, 165 chess computers, 155–56 childbirth, natural, 103 children: genetic enhancement of, 63, 64, 106–8; monoparental, 104–6 choice, constraints on, 142–44 Christianity and science, 17, 20–23 citizens: model conception of persons as...