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Index Abbott, Edith, 108, 109, 113, 117 Abbott, Grace, 95, 107 Adamic, Louis, 278 Addams, Jane, 117, 129 African Americans, 2, 3, 4, 21, 117; and agriculture, 21–24, 191, 195–96, 279, 283; and assimilation, 122, 283, 290; and black exceptionalism, 2–3; and black reformers, 118; character and work ethic of, 9, 118, 119; and color, 24–25, 30, 284; and Cook County, 200; and Democratic Party, 289; deportation of, 188; discrimination against, 45, 118, 193–99; and disease, 121; and diversity, 9; and domestic service, 4, 8, 250, 253, 255, 279, 283; education of, 38; and environment, 118–19; history and condition of, 119; and infant mortality rates, 43; and labor relations, 4, 11, 12, 21–24, 25, 40, 41, 191, 196, 283, 289; as landowners, 21; and local government, 291; and marriage, 46; and Mexicans, 2–3, 41, 45, 47, 51, 115, 290; and Midwest, 245; migration north by, 117, 188; migration to urban locales, 68; mobility of, 22; and North, 17; and Northeast, 245; and one-drop rule, 19, 25, 44; opportunities for, 118; in peonage, 22; political exclusion of, 38, 39; and political power, 96, 283, 289; and political systems, 11; and politics, 25–27, 251; and poll taxes and literacy tests, 7, 13, 19; population of, 21; and race, 11, 12, 24–25, 30, 45, 283; and Republican Party, 289; and restrictive housing covenants, 45; and Roosevelt administration , 289; and rural areas, 12, 19, 21, 40, 195, 215, 217, 283, 284; and segregation, 17, 38, 45, 119, 188, 283; and social insurance, 360n2; and social workers, 14, 73, 96, 114– 15, 116–17, 121, 122, 191, 290; and South, 11–12, 19, 23, 83, 114, 115, 116, 120, 123, 245, 283; and southern and eastern European immigrants, 31; standard of living of, 23, 194, 198–99; sterilization of, 200; as tenant farmers, 12, 19, 21–22, 23–24, 40, 96, 191, 193, 195–96, 198; and uplift, 117–18; voting by, 7, 13, 19, 26, 35, 47; wages/earnings of, 21, 40; and white primaries, 13, 19; and working conditions for, 118 African Americans, and relief, 53, 71; and almshouses, 114, 115, 120–21; city spending for, 61, 62, 63; in communities with low benefit levels, 4; and dependency stereotype, 96, 114–21; exclusion from, 14, 16, 19, 188, 195–99, 288–89; and institutions for feebleminded, 120, 121; less access to, 17, 83; lower benefit levels for, 13, 194; lower budgets for, 198–99; lower spending on, 16–17; and migration North, 188; and political culture and relief spending, 67; population vs. proportion of relief for, 96, 115, 118, 121, 191–92; private agencies and charities of, 96, 117, 122; and private charities, 116, 188; and relief sponsorship, 195–96; and Southern spending, 68–69; as unlikely to use, 96, 114, 119–20, 121, 122, 194–95, 292; unprecedented access to, 188, 190–91; white resentment of, 188, 191–92, 195; and work, 197 African Americans, and relief programs: and Aid to Dependent Children, 277–78, 289; and Civilian Conservation Corps, 207, 208, 209; and Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 190; and federal farm relief programs, 191; and General Assistance, 289; and means-tested programs, 250; and Mothers’ Pension rolls, 115–16; and New Deal, 188–89, 281, 292; and Old Age Assistance, 273–74, 289, 294; and Old Age Insurance, 273, 279, 289; and Public Works Administration, 209; and public works jobs, 245; and Social Security, 4, 7, 250, 251, 252–53, 254, 255–56, 260, 262, 269, 270, 271, 279, 280, 292; and Unemployment Insurance, 7, 289; and work relief, 211, 288; and WPA jobs, 215, 216–18, 244, 249 African American social workers, 117–18, 200 African American women, 8–9; in agriculture, 21; and Aid to Dependent Children, 277; alleged sexual promiscuity of, 119; and domestic work, 21, 195, 217; private relief 372 • Index African American women (cont’d) agencies of, 117; sterilization of, 200; and work, 29; and WPA jobs, 217 agriculture, 193, 197; and denial of federal relief, 195–97; and Old Age Insurance, 273; relief as subsidy to, 13, 16, 68, 70–71, 74, 78, 80, 94, 123, 189, 285; and relief during peak crop season, 197; and relief restrictions at harvests, 189, 193, 195, 196, 203; and Social Security, 250, 252, 253, 255, 271, 279; and Southwest, 40; women in, 43; and WPA, 249. See also African Americans ; growers; Mexicans; migrant laborers; planters Aid to Dependent Children (ADC), 276–78; access of non-citizens to...

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