What Bugged the Dinosaurs?: Insects, Disease, and Death in the Cretaceous

Index

Index Note: Figures are in italics; color plates are in bold abelisaurids, 31, 32 Acanthocephala. See spiny-headed worms adelgids, 53 African horsesickness disease, 115 Agathaphagidae: as feeding on araucarian cones, 52 Agathis, 47 Agathis jurassica, 15 Agathis levantensis, 23, 33 air space: in forest, 45 alder, 36 alder flies: in the Cretaceous, 211 Aleyrodidae: as plant virus vectors, 70 alligators, 189; killed by fungus, 178; killed by West Nile Virus, 125 Allosaurus fragilis: bones affected by skin beetles, 88 amber, Cretaceous, 35, 15; as a fossil repository, 7, 8, 12; preservative qualities of, 158 Amblyomma, 142. See also ticks ambrosia beetles, 67 ammonites, at the K/T boundary, 194 amoebic dysentery: as affecting dinosaurs , 2 anacondas: as attacked by horseflies, 132 Anatosaurus, skin of, 106 angiosperms: in Burmese amber, 35; during the Cretaceous, 24; early evolution of, 23; flower of, 14A; origin and spread of, 55–56; pollination of, 60–61; viruses of, 70; wood of, 25 ankylosaurs, 28, 29, 30, 39, 45, 147; in the Paleocene, 198 annelids, 46 Anoplura. See lice ant lions: in the Cretaceous, 210 anthomyid fly, 87 anthrax, 177; carried by tabanid flies, 133 ant-like stone beetle, 34; as a chimera, 72, 75 ants, 6A, 6B, 6C, 53, 88; in the Cretaceous , 215; as dinosaur food, 99–100 aphids, 2C, 3E, 32, 35, 36, 51, 110; as a chimera, 76–77; in the Cretaceous, 207; as producing honeydew, 99; as vectors of plant viruses, 68–70 Aponomma, 142. See also ticks aquatic insects: as food for dinosaurs, 92 Araucaria mirabilis, 12C, 15 araucarians, 7, 13, 32, 37, 52, 57, 59, 63, 66, 157; amber from, 8, 12; climatic preferences of, 21–22; cones from, 15, 60; diseases of, 64, 68, 178; global distribution of, 14; present day, 71 arboviruses, 176; as carried by biting midges, 114, 170; as carried by mosquitoes , 124; as carried by sand flies, 120 Archaeopteryx, 74 ascarids, 154; in dinosaurs, 2, 3, 16C, 16D, 147, 153, 182; in humans, 154. See also stomach worms Athericidae, 105 Austroconops, 112 avian flu: possible pandemic of, 201 backswimmers: as dinosaur food, 96 bacteria, 3, 4, 89, 173, 174; carried by arthropods, 176; evolution of, 176–77 bacteriophages, 173 Bakker, Robert, 55 bamboo, 24, 26, 41, 69 bark beetles, 40; as infesting kauri trees, 63, 178; symbiotic fungi of, 66–67 Barrett, Paul, 55 bartonellosis: as vectored by sand flies, 121 Beauveria: as a vertebrate pathogen, 178 bees: as chimeras, 72, 77; in the Cretaceous , 14B, 57–58, 60–61, 215; as honey producers, 100. See also Melittosphex beetles, 33, 36, 40, 50–52, 56, 59, 67, 211; from Burmese amber, 34; as copophagous insects, 82; as feces visitors , 3; as dinosaur food, 91, 101; as disease vectors, 70, 150, 153 Beipiaosaurus, skin of, 107 belemnites: at the K/T boundary, 194 belid weevils: as associated with cycads, 59; as feeding on seed cones, 52 Beringia land bridge, 184 biological warfare, 172 biomass pyramid, 42 biotic changes during the Cretaceous, 22–36 bird flu, 172 birds, 44, 150; infected with Haemoproteus , 180; as hosts of blackflies, 129; as hosts of nematodes, 153; as hosts of ticks, 142 biting insects, 2; feeding behavior of, 102–105; as transmitting parasites and pathogens, 3, 4 biting midges, 9A, 9B, 11, 33, 36; allergic responses to, 112; as attacking turtles, lizards, iguanas, 111; as feeding on dinosaurs , 103, 104, 110; as feeding on elephants, 112; feeding habits of, 103, 104; with flagellates, 9D; as pool feeders , 104, 111; as vectors of filarial nematodes , 114; as vectors of malaria, 112–14, 113, 168; with viruses, 9C, 9D, 114, 168 blackflies: in the Cretaceous, 33, 127–30, 159; as attacking hadrosaurs, 127–29; as causing exsanguination, 128; as attacking pterosaurs, 129; feeding method of, 103, 104; as food for dinosaurs , 92; present distribution of, 130; as undergoing migrations, 128; as vectors of malaria, 129; as vectors of nematodes, 129–30 Blattodea: in the Cretaceous, 204 blights, of Cretaceous plants, 63–71 blood cells: as infected with Paleoleishmania , 164–66, 167; of vertebrates, 164–66 blood of vertebrates: as food for insects, 102–5 bloodletting, 117 blood-sucking flies: as engorging on dinosaurs , 7, 102–4, 104; feeding methods of, 104; as imbibing sugar, 93 blowfly, 87 blue stain, 64 bluetongue disease, 114; as causing ruminant deaths, 201 brachiosaurids, 29, 45 Brachyphyllum, 54 bracket fungi, 24, 54 Braman, Dennis, 25 brentid weevils: as associated with cycads , 59 bristletails: in the Cretaceous, 203 Bunyaviridae: as vectored by...