Power, Change, and Gender Relations in Rural Java

Index

activism/agency, women’s, 5, 34, 105, 215. See also autonomy; empowerment, women’s; leaders, women; women’s participation in under politics activities, social: village-level, 61, 65, 70, 78, 87, 172, 174; women’s, 72–73, 81–82, 108, 173, 175, 178–80, 186, 192 agriculture, activities/processes: decision making, 141, 143, 152–53; Indonesian , 126–60; labor, 77–78, 127, 129, 133–34, 137, 143, 158; production, 25, 62–63, 126, 129–32, 135–42, 145, 154, 158–59; sector of, 76, 129, 138–39, 142–44, 146, 151, 154, 157, 159–60, 224n12; wives’ involvement in, 154. See also rural under culture, Javanese; development, rural; economy, rural; labor, gender division of arisans, 174, 180, 186–87 autonomy: political, 193–94, 196, 201; women’s, 3, 7, 32–33, 94, 124, 172, 177. See also activism/agency, women ’s; empowerment, women’s; leaders , women; women’s participation in under politics bupatis, 1–2, 91, 175, 187–88, 191, 196, 198, 205 culture, Javanese: beliefs, 36, 41, 53; gender relations, 2–3, 6, 16, 31, 34–35, 37–38, 46, 52, 94–95, 127; language, 38, 75, 221n1; religion, 39, 63–64, 73; rural, 2–3, 10, 66, 106, 215 (see also agriculture , activities/processes); social order, 38; society, 2, 24–25, 30–31, 35, 37, 42, 46, 52, 87, 95, 98, 219; worldview, 38–39 decentralization, 7, 22, 44, 46, 61, 91, 141, 183, 185, 193–94, 196, 228–29n3; representation and, 193–95, 228n3. See also democracy, process/movement; democratization; elections; leaders, women; politics; Reformasi decision making, household, 99–101, 106–14. See also labor, gender division ; agriculture, activities/processes democracy, process/movement, 22, 193–94. See also decentralization; democratization; elections; politics; Reformasi Index 244 Index democratization, 7, 91, 183, 185, 223n8. See also decentralization; democracy, process/movement; elections; politics; Reformasi development, 3–6, 10, 25, 33, 47–50, 53, 78, 91, 93–94, 102–3, 105, 124–26, 137, 139, 167, 170, 181, 183, 195, 214, 219; economic, 4, 6–7, 10, 47–48, 59, 85, 91, 103, 137, 143, 164–65, 168, 187, 226–27n5; rural, 9, 11; urban, 91, 94, 127, 143, 156; women’s involvement in, 6–7, 33, 47–50, 102–3, 137, 167 Dharma Wanita, 1, 103, 187, 192, 195, 214, 229n6 economy: Asian crisis, 21, 91, 129, 161– 62; rural, 126, 128, 136, 156–57 elections, 22, 45, 66, 193–96, 201, 209, 223n7. See also decentralization; democracy , process/movement; democratization ; Reformasi employment, 62–63, 68, 77, 96, 107, 109–11, 113–14, 119–22, 124, 129–30, 134, 140, 143, 163, 173, 182 empowerment, women’s, 1, 23, 26, 102, 124, 190, 192, 196, 200, 210, 214, 216– 18, 230n19. See also activism/agency, women’s; autonomy; women’s participation in under politics equal rights, 31, 48, 213 Family Welfare Program. See PKK feminism/feminists: methods, 33; framework /approach, 9, 15; theories, 13, 33 gender. See ideology, gender; under labor; under politics; under power; under relations hegemony, 5, 53 household: decision making, 99–101, 106–14; gender division of labor in, 94–96, 106, 114–22, 124, 133, 157, 202; women’s access to resources of, 2, 7, 32 ibuism (“housewifization”), 47, 105, 168, 225–26n5. See also ideology, gender; Panca Dharma Wanita ideology, gender: differences, 8, 53, 97–98, 100, 129–30, 143–44; order, 8, 46, 215; roles, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 22–25, 34, 41, 45, 52, 91, 93–95, 98-99, 105–7, 108, 109, 112–13, 122–25, 127, 129, 158, 164, 188, 211, 214–15, 217, 219, 221n2, 222n7, 225n1; state, 48–49, 226n6. See also ibuism; kodrat; Panca Dharma Wanita; patriarchy; power independence, political, 33, 43, 55, 195 Islam, 30, 39, 42–46, 50, 55, 63–64, 77; Idul fitri, 64; pengajian, 64, 77, 186–87; Ramadan, 64, 78; schools, 76. See also Muslims kodrat, 7–38, 47–51, 97–99, 104, 108, 121, 168, 171, 191, 198, 214. See also culture, Javanese; ideology, gender; patriarchy; power labor, gender division of, 21, 25, 54, 99, 209, 215; in agriculture, 133, 136–52, 157–60; household, 94–96, 106, 114– 22, 124, 133, 157, 202; in production and reproduction, 96. See also decision making; labor under agriculture, activities/processes leaders, women, 31, 65, 70–71, 84, 211. See also autonomy; activism/agency; decentralization; Megawati; Midiwati ; Miniwati; women’s participation in under politics livelihood, 6, 10, 54, 109, 127–28, 136, 145, 186, 203, 210 Megawati, 2, 22, 24, 26, 29–30, 51...