Trail Sisters: Freedwomen in Indian Territory, 1850–1890

Index

Index Page numbers in italics refer to figures. Entries with two first names separated by a semicolon (;) indicate kinship and are cited on the same page. Abbott, L. J., 76 abolition, 23, 26–27 Adair, William Penn, 52 Adams, Alafair Carter, 87, 109 African Americans: all-black communities, 86, 108–111, 109, 113, 128–34, 136, 138, 145–46; citizenship, 6, 34, 68–69, 83, 90, 106, 138; construction/home production skills, 21; cowboys, 84; immigrant, 110; language, 21; law officers, 83– 84; military units, 52–53, 67, 81–82; subservient class, 8–9; women’s clubs, 135–38 Aikens, Maggie, 111 Albert, Ella, 142 Allen Seminary (TX), 122 allotment process, 9, 130, 132, 133, 141–42, 147 Alpha Club, 137 American Baptist Home Mission Society, 123 American Baptist Missionary Union, 27 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), 26, 27 Anderson, Karen, 148 Apache Tribe, 59, 134 Arkansas Colored (Indian Territory), 109, 129 Armstrong, John, 18 Armstrong, Mrs. Mattie, 102 Armstrong Academy, 78, 102 Ashley, Mary Reynolds, 111 Atoka (Choctaw Nation), 115, 117 “Aunt” designation, 101 Averall, William W., 45 Bacone College, 103 Bailey (Chickasaw Nation), 129 Banks, Frances, 30, 64, 100, 119, 152n28 Banks, Phoebe, 28, 31, 48, 51, 64, 124 Baptist, 16, 27, 115–16, 120, 126, 127, 145 Baptist and Educational Convention, 116 Baptist Missionary Magazine, 28, 115 Index •178• Barnett, Nancy Grayson, 64, 155n30, 99 Barnett, Nellie, 142 Barnett, Patsy, 64, 155n30 Barnett, Siah, 155n30 Barnett family, 99 Bean, Nancy Rogers, 28–29, 39–40, 74, 97, 114 Beck, Joe, 54 Beloved Woman. See Ward, Nancy Berry, Francis B., 111 Black Codes, 134, 145 Blackjack School, 128 blood quantum, 7–8 Bloomfield Academy, 94–95, 122 Blue Branch School, 127 Blue Lodge, 45 Blunt, James G., 52, 53 Boggy Depot (Indian Territory), 16, 30 Boley, OK, 110–11, 129, 137 Boley Informer, 112 Boley Ladies Industrial Club, 112, 136 Boley Progress, 128, 132, 136 Boley Women’s Club, 136 “boomers,” 129–30 Boots, Doll, 5, 33–34 Boots, Elizabeth, 34 Boots, Polly, 34 Boots, Shoe, 5, 33–34 Boots, William, 34 Boudinot, Elias C., 86, 130 Bowlegs, Billy, 14 Bradley, Mrs. O. H., 102 Bradley, O. H., 136 Breiner, Henry, 99 Bridges, Jeanne Rorex, Trail Sisters, 3, 10 Brooks, James, 4 Brown, Eliza, 84, 101 Brown, Jack, 84, 101 Brown, Mrs. M. W., 111 Burial and Funeral Association of Boley, 101 Butler, Benjamin, 18–19 Cabin Creek, Battle of, 53, 81 Campbell family, 101 camp meetings, 119–20 Canadian Colored (Indian Territory), 109, 129 Carter, Hannibal, 86 Catholic, 125 cattle ranches, 84 Caty (slave woman), 17 Celia (slave cook), 27 Chang, David A., 4 Checote, Samuel, 133 Cherokee Advocate, 34, 127 Cherokee Colored High School, 125 Cherokee Female Seminary, 122 Cherokee Nation: Canadian District, 70; citizenship, 6, 7, 34, 69–70, 106; Civil War, 42–43, 46, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59; Colored High School, 103–4; communities, 129; education, 16, 24, 64, 102–4, 122, 125–26, 146; free people, 5–6, 24, 69–71; Indian Territory population, 16, 23; intertribal factionalism, 45; kinship norms, 5, 158n2; postCivil War treaty, 68; race-culture characteristics, 6; removal treaty, 12; resistance, 7; slave revolt, 25–26; slavery, 5, 6–7, 16–18, 19, 24, 26, 27, 36–40, 45, 56, 150n7; sovereignty, 5; written language, 5–6. See also Five Tribes Cherokee Teachers Institute, 103 Chicago Times, 86 Chickasaw Nation: citizenship, 68–69, 83, 106, 126; Civil War, 46, 53, 57; education, 27, 94–95, 122, 124, 126, 127; free people, 71; Indian Territory population, 16, 23; post-Civil War treaty, 68; racial purity, 78; removal process, 13; slavery, 18, 19, 22, 24– 25, 29, 32, 39–40, 45, 67–68; tribal raids, 58. See also Five Tribes childbearing decisions, 5 Index •179• childbirth services, 100–101, 145 child caregivers (occupation), 31–33, 112, 144 Chisholm, Jessie, 58, 84 Chisholm Trail, 84 Choctaw Nation: citizenship, 68–69, 69, 83; Civil War, 46, 53, 57; education, 27, 78, 95, 102, 120–22, 126; free people, 71; Indian Territory population, 16; Mississippi Choctaws, 13; post-Civil War treaty, 68; removal process, 13; slavery, 18, 19, 22, 24–25, 39, 67–68; tribal raids, 58. See also Five Tribes Chupco, John, 77 Church, Ebenezer, 115 churches. See religion Civil War, 42–67 Clearview, OK, 110–11, 129 Clearview Patriarch, 111 Cline, Johnson; Malvina, 80–81 Coffin, William G., 50, 54 Cohee, Ed, 84...