The Fence: National Security, Public Safety, and Illegal Immigration along the U.S.–Mexico Border

Index

Index Page numbers in italics indicate images. accountability, 292, 293, 295 Adams, Jeff, 161 Aguilar, David, 166 Ahumada, Pat, 242 Airbus, 165 aircraft, 286 Air Marshals, 97 Ajo-1, 173, 174, 176, 178 Alamo, Texas, 52 alcohol smuggling, 49 Aldrete Davila, Osvaldo, 144–47 Alemán, Miguel, 270 Alice, Texas, 10 Allee, Captain, 49 Americans for Legal Immigration, 272, 280 American Shield Initiative (ASI), 140, 147–53, 156, 158, 160, 162, 175, 176 American University, 303–4 Amigoland Mall, 64 Amistad Dam, 302 amnesty, 114 Anglos, 47, 48, 52, 53–54, 58, 66, 203 Anzalduas County Park, Texas, 38–39, 40–44, 58–59, 111, 114, 130, 209, 211–12, 218, 223; barriers in, 211, 213, 215–16, 237–38; flooding in, 307–8; hydraulic walls in, 211, 237–38 Arivaca, Arizona, 135, 136 Index 356 Arizona, 4, 21, 94, 106, 135–38, 140, 162, 165, 167, 173, 180, 183–84, 221, 236, 251–56, 252, 254, 273, 275–78, 276, 281, 284, 290–91, 305. See also specific municipalities; SB 1070, 304–5 Army Corps of Engineers, 71, 74–76, 121, 209, 214, 303 ARNORTH (U.S. Army North), 267 Artesia, New Mexico, 25, 181 ASI. See American Shield Initiative (ASI) “assimilation,” 118 Ballenger Construction, 239 Beccaria, Cesare, 91 Belfast, Northern Ireland, 215–16 Bentham, Jeremy, 91 Bentsen, Lloyd, Sr., 46, 51 Berlin Wall, Germany, 215, 229 Bhakta, Raj Peter, 130 binational health model, 268 binational issues, 281 biometrics, 33 Blackwater, Inc., 138 Boeing, Inc., 21, 135–36, 138, 161–76, 178, 203, 204, 250, 275, 277, 279, 285, 286, 291–93, 298, 299, 306–7, bolios, 52 Bonner, T. J., 256 border communities, 289–90, 309–10n1. See also specific communities bordercrossers, illegal, 9–10, 26, 49, 131, 224, 229, 249, 273, 284, 305. See also immigrants, illegal; workers, undocumented; apprehension rates, 96, 305; body counts of, 16–17; children, 222–23; commodification and, 292–93; deaths of, 98, 250–51, 255–56, 284, 286; dehydration of, 98, 250–51, 255–56, 284–85, 286; drowning of, 286; hydraulic walls and, 245–46; injuries of, 285; medical attention to, 285; motivations of, 92; Reyes’s strategy and, 94–95; risks to, 98; safety of, 284–85, 286; welfare of, 284–85, 286; women, 222–23 border gangs, 227–28. See also criminal organizations Border Patrol academy, 25–27, 95, 181, 183, 220, 248, 295 Border Patrol agents, 4, 10, 12–17, 45, 50–51, 56, 58, 78, 83–90, 119, 122–23, 130–31, 273, 275, 277, 302, 306–7. See also Customs and Border Protection (CBP) agents; specific agents; at Anzalduas County Park, 40–41, 43; assaults against, 181–82; attrition of, 97, 320n13; Compean/ Ramos case, 144–49; deterrence theory and, 91, 93; education of, 149; female, 34–35, 149, 248–49, 294–95, 331n2; former military, 149; gender discrimination against, 180–97; increased numbers of, 289; injuries of, 27, 28, 29, 286; ISIS and, 99–102, 107–10; legal authority of, 212–13; Mexican American, 248–49; Muñoz case, 179–97; occupational hazards for, 27, 28, 29; post-Reyes deterrence strategy, 98–99; recruitment of, 32, 34–35, 81, 181, 183–84, 195, 248, 294–95; Reyes’s strategy and, 92–97; safety issues and, 249–52, 280, 283, 284–85, 286, 287; Stanton case and, 255–56; training of, 181, 220, 286, 293–94, 295; UTB-TSC and, 216–23; virtual fences and, 142, 166, 168, 177; welfare of, 284–85, 286; work life of, 24–37 Border Patrol managers, 102 Border Patrol Search, Trauma, and Rescue (BORSTAR), 285–86 Border Patrol Stations, 101. See also specific stations Index 357 border walls and fences, 12, 21, 38, 63, 69, 76, 80, 140, 213, 228, 231, 236, 239; alternative models, 291; at Anzalduas County Park, 211, 215–16, 237–38; construction of, 210, 282, 296, 298–99, 302–3; dearth of information about, 271; delays in construction of, 201, 209, 214, 302–3; effectiveness of, 284; environmental consequences of, 240; failure of, 178; funding of, 244, 275, 298; in Hidalgo County, 210–11, 215–16, 230–31, 235, 237–41, 243–48, 247, 291, 302–3, 307; high-tech, 110; impact of, 15–16, 217, 219–24, 280–81, 284, 287–89, 296, 303; kinds of, 156–57; “land acquisitions” and, 201; landing mat, 56–57; language and, 215–16; location of, 64; low-tech, 56, 174...