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Part 1 - Verbs: Thorny Issues
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Part 1 Verbs: Thorny Issues Verbs in -Ó‚‡Ú¸/-‚‡Ú¸ Q. I am used to the idea that verbs ending in -‐‑овать and -‐‑евать lose a syllable in their conjugated forms (целовать → целую, etc.). The verb одевать seems to be an exception, however (одевать → одеваю, etc.). It cannot be that the verb is too short as we have the conjugated form of ковать as кую. Is there perhaps a good reason that this form is exceptional? A. It is not an exception, just a verb of a different type. In the history of the Russian language, actually even before there was a Russian language, that is in the Proto-‐‑Slavic period, there was a process known as “monophtongization of diphthongs”. The diphthongs OU/EU became OV/EV before a vowel, and turned into the vowel U before a consonant. Thus the verb *kouati > ковать (in this case the asterisk means a reconstructed form, not attested in written doc-‐‑ uments), *koujõ > кую. So the alternation OV/EV ~ U has been generalized as OV(A)/EV(A) ~UJ in CSR. These OVA/EVA verbs form two subgroups: 1) a very small end-‐‑stressed group (кую´, куёшь etc.) — ковать, сновать, совать, основать (with some conjugation limitations), блевать, жевать, клевать, плевать, and all of their derivatives, such as разжевать, подковать and so on, and 2) a very largе stem-‐‑stressed group with two stress variations, one like пр óбовать — прóбую, and another as танцевáть — танцу´ю. This conjugation pattern with the stem stress has become the most productive type in contemporary Russian, particularly in the combination -‐‑ировать. Most of the new formations and borrowings follow this pattern and include both stress sub-‐‑ types: вибри´ровать, деклари´ровать, маршировáть, группировáть and countless others. (See Зализняк1 p. 92) It is different in the case of одевать, сомневаться, развевать and many others, as well as the case of зевать, здороваться and a few others. In the first group the suffix is -‐‑ва-‐‑, so there was no diphthong to begin with, but there was a vowel E followed by the consonant В, which is part of a different mor-‐‑ 1 Here and further Зализняк refers to: Зализняк А. А. Грамматический словарь русского языка. Словоизменение. Москва, «Русский язык» 1977, unless specifically mentioning the 2008 edition. 2 What You Always Wanted to Know about Russian Grammar pheme. This can be tested by shortening the verb by removing the suffix -‐‑ва-‐‑: одеть, усомниться (also cомнение), развеять. In the second group, В is part of the root: зев, здоров. As far as their conjugation goes, these five verbs belong to the same type: одевать — одеваю, здороваться — здороваюсь. General-Factual Q. Вчера смотрел фильм (GF) vs. Вчера помыл голову. Why isn’t it general-‐‑ factual? A. The so-‐‑called general-‐‑factual (GF) use of Russian imperfective aspect is the most fascinating aspect of Russian grammar. Its primary function is to convey the information that such an action took place at some point in the past or will take place at some time in the future. When used in the past tense, the GF ac-‐‑ tion was not an action that the interlocutor expected to necessarily take place. Вы голосовали на выборах? ‘Did you vote in the election?’ Я говорил с деканом. ‘I spoke to the Dean.’ Я звонил домой: дома всё в порядке. ‘I called home, everything is all right.’ Вам когда-‐‑нибудь приходилось брать или давать взятку? ‘Did you ever have occasion to give or take a bribe?’ Я уже однажды такое наблюдал. ‘I already once observed such things.’ Он уже как-‐‑то об этом писал. ‘He already wrote about this at some point.’ The use of когда-‐‑нибудь ‘ever’, or однажды ‘once’ or the possibility of their (or some synonym’s) insertion is a sure sign of a GF imperfective. The students’ favorite Вы читали «Войну и мир»? Кто из вас читал «Войну и мир»? naturally belongs here. The question is about ever, and not because I or someone else asked you to do so. This is also why the oft-‐‑confused ques-‐‑ [3.128.199.88] Project MUSE (2024-04-24 09:19 GMT) 1. Verbs: Thorny Issues 3 tion Кто написал «Войну и мир»? does not belong here and must be perfective. Similarly, вчера смотрел фильм or вчера мыла голову: … вчера я смотрел фильм «Свидетель на свадьбе», где главному герою, неудавшемуся писателю, нужно было написать речь, и как он этого испугался. ‘… yesterday I saw the film “Witness at a Wedding” where the main character, a failed writer, had to write a speech, and how he got scared of the task.’ А еще вчера мыла голову и думала, что из ванной выйду лысой, вот честное слово! Столько волос вылезло — КАРАУЛ! ‘And also yesterday I washed my hair and thought that I would come out of the bathroom bald, honest to God! I lost so much hair — HELP!’ The last sentence can be understood as GF only if we do not view the ac-‐‑ tions of washing and thinking as parallel and simultaneous, but rather as two actions taking place at more or less the same time, perhaps one before the other. Had there been an expectation to perform those particular actions, per-‐‑ fective would have been used if available: Вы уже проголосовали? (while the election is still going on; I do expect you to vote) ‘Did you already vote?’ Я поговорил с деканом. (you have asked me to and I did) ‘I spoke to the Dean.’ Я позвонил домой: дома всё в порядке. (I told you I would, and I did) ‘I called home, everything is all right.’ Кто прочитал «Войну и мир»? (I don’t expect everyone to have completed this assignment by today...