Macedonian Grammar

Table of Contents

Table of Contents Preface ........................................................................................................................... xv Abbreviations and Symbols ........................................................................................ xvii Part One: Preliminaries ................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Socio-Historical Considerations.......................................................................................3 1. “Macedonia” as Ethnic, Political, and Geographical Term...............................3 2. The Socio-Linguistic Status of Macedonian .....................................................6 3. Number of Speakers ............................................................................................9 Chapter 2 From Common Slavic to Macedonian ......................................................................... 11 1. Two Periods ...................................................................................................... 11 2. Characteristic Phonological and Morphonological Features in the Old Period ......................................................................................................... 13 3. Characteristic Phonological and Morphonological Changes in the Modern Period .................................................................................................. 15 4. Morphosyntactic Changes ................................................................................ 18 5. The Macedonian Dialects................................................................................. 21 6. Phases in the Development of the Macedonian Lexicon ............................... 26 Chapter 3 Balkan Aspects of Macedonian Grammar.................................................................... 31 1. The Balkan Sprachbund Features .................................................................... 31 1.1. Balkan Sprachbund Features of the Macedonian Verbal System.......................................................................................... 32 1.2. Balkan Sprachbund Features of the Macedonian Nominal System....................................................................................... 35 2. Macedonian and the South Slavic Dialectal Continuum................................ 36 viii A GRAMMAR OF MACEDONIAN Chapter 4 An Outline of Macedonian Phonology ........................................................................ 41 1. Vowels .............................................................................................................. 41 2. Consonants ........................................................................................................ 44 3. Relationship between Phonology and Orthography ...................................... 50 4. Morphophonemic Alternations ........................................................................ 53 4.1. Velar ≈ Alveo-Palatal Alternations: /k/≈/tʃ/, /g/≈/ʒ/, / x/≈/ʃ/ ............... 53 4.2. Velar ≈ Dental Alternations: /k/≈/ts/, /g/≈/z/, /x/≈/s/ ............................ 54 4.3. Dental or Velar ≈ Alveo-Palatal Alternations: /t, k/ ≈ /k’/, /d, g/ ≈ /g’/, /ł/ ≈ /l/, /n/ ≈ /ɲ/, /st/ ≈ /ʃt/................................................... 55 4.4. Alternations of Various Consonants with /f/ ......................................... 55 4.5. Alternation /dʒ/ ≈ /tʃ/............................................................................... 56 4.6. Isolated Consonantal Alternations ......................................................... 56 4.7. Vowel ≈ Zero Alternations .................................................................... 56 4.8. Etymological Length Alternations ........................................................ 59 5. Prosody ............................................................................................................. 59 6. Prosodic Behaviour of Clitics ......................................................................... 62 6.1. Prosodic Behaviour of Adnominal Clitics ............................................. 62 6.2. Prosodic Behaviour of Clausal Clitics.................................................... 63 Part Two: The Nominal Phrase .....................................................................71 Chapter 5 The Structure of the Nominal Phrase ........................................................................... 73 1. Linearization Pattern......................................................................................... 73 2. Nouns and Noun Equivalents .......................................................................... 74 3. Determiners and Quantifiers ........................................................................... 76 4. Prenominal Modifiers ...................................................................................... 79 5. Postnominal Modifiers and Complements ..................................................... 85 6. Reordering of Modifiers ................................................................................... 91 7. Direct and Indirect Modification ..................................................................... 93 8. Floating Quantifiers .......................................................................................... 95 9. Semi-Lexical Heads.......................................................................................... 97 Chapter 6 Agreement Categories ................................................................................................. 103 1. Formal Markers of Relationships within the Nominal Phrase .................... 103 2. Gender ............................................................................................................. 103 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix 2.1. Types of Gender ................................................................................... 103 2.2. Gender with Nouns ............................................................................... 106 2.3. Gender with Pronouns .......................................................................... 114 2.4. Gender with Modifiers, Determiners and Quantifiers ........................ 115 3. Number ........................................................................................................... 118 3.1. Types of Plural Number wih Nouns .................................................... 119 3.2. Number with Modifiers, Determiners and Quantifier ........................ 134 Chapter 7 The Category of Definiteness and Articles ............................................................... 137 1. Definiteness..................................................................................................... 137 2. Indefinite Articles and Indefinite Nominal Phrases ..................................... 140 2.1. Forms and Status of the Indefinite Articles ........................................ 140 2.2. Indefinite Articles and Specificity ....................................................... 143 3. Definite Articles and Definite Nominal Phrases .......................................... 146 3.1. Forms of the Definite Articles ............................................................. 146 3.2. Deixis and Anaphora............................................................................. 149 3.3. Definite Articles in Modified Nominal Phrases .................................. 151 3.4. Definite Articles, Basic Deictics and “Double” Definitization ....................................................................... 153 3.5. Formal Analysis of the Definite Article............................................... 155 3.6. Special Use of the Definite Article....................................................... 157 4. Articles in Generic Nominal Phrases............................................................. 162 Chapter 8 Pronominals ................................................................................................................. 165 1. Types of Pronominals .................................................................................... 165 2. Personal Pronouns .......................................................................................... 165 2.1. Forms of Personal Pronouns ................................................................ 165 2.2. Use of Personal Pronouns .................................................................... 166 2.3. Use of Reflexive Clitic Pronouns ........................................................ 171 3. Possessive Pronominals ................................................................................. 179 3.1. Possessive Pronominal Forms ............................................................. 179 3.2. Use of Possessive Pronominal Forms in the Nominal Phrase ..................................................................................... 180 3.3. Beneficiary Pronominal Clitics ............................................................ 185 4. ‘Wh’ Words .................................................................................................... 190 4.1. koj .......................................................................................................... 190 4.2. kakov, kolkav and čij ............................................................................ 191 x A GRAMMAR OF MACEDONIAN 4.3. što ........................................................................................................... 192 4.4. koga, kade, kamo, and kako ................................................................. 194 5. Indefinite Prominals ....................................................................................... 195 5.1. Indefinite Pronominals Derived from the ‘wh’ Word što ‘what’ ............................................................................................... 195 5.2. Indefinite Pronominals Derived from the ‘wh’ Word koj1 ‘who’ .............................................................................................. 197 5.3. Indefinite Pronominals Derived from the ‘wh’ Word koj2 ‘who/which’ .................................................................................. 199 5.4. Indefinite Pronominals Derived from the ‘wh’ Word kakov ‘what kind’, kolkav ‘what size’ and čij ‘whose’ ...................... 200 5.5. Indefinite Pronominals Derived from Adverbs .................................. 205 6. Deictics ........................................................................................................... 208 6.1. Adjectival Deictics ............................................................................... 208 6.2. Adverbial Deictics ................................................................................ 210 Part Three: The Clause ....................................................................................215 Chapter 9 The Structure of the Clause ........................................................................................ 217 1. Ordering of the Clausal Constituents ............................................................ 217 1.1. Marked Transitive Declarative Clauses .............................................. 217 1.2. Intransitive Clauses .............................................................................. 219 1.3. Impersonal Clauses ............................................................................... 221 2. Clausal Clitic Clusters ................................................................................... 227 2.1. The Clausal Clitic System .................................................................... 227 2.2. Derivation of the Clausal Clitics ......................................................... 232 3. Morphologically Marked...