Russian Nominal Semantics and Morphology

Contents

Contents Preface ............................................................................................................. ix 1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 2. The Noun: Lexis and Grammar ............................................................... 9 2.0. Introduction ....................................................................................... 9 2.1. Individuals, Images, and Concepts ............................................. 10 2.2. The Hierarchy of Semantic Features ........................................... 15 2.3. Noun Classes .................................................................................... 20 2.4. Noun Classification and Basic Level Perception ...................... 26 2.4.1. Singulatives .......................................................................... 30 2.4.2. Noun Classes and Derivation ........................................... 32 2.5. Introducing Grammatical Categories ......................................... 38 2.6. The Function of Inflection and Agreement ............................... 44 2.7. Anaphors and Agreement ............................................................. 46 3. The Noun: Declensional Class ............................................................... 53 3.0. Phonological Form and Semantics .............................................. 53 3.1. Phonological and Morphological Productivity ........................ 59 3.2. Examples ........................................................................................... 60 3.3. The Productive System .................................................................. 62 3.4. Acronyms .......................................................................................... 64 3.5. The Unproductive System ............................................................ 67 3.6. From Unproductive to Productive Declensional Classes ....... 69 4. The Noun: Animacy ................................................................................. 73 4.0. Animacy in Agreement and Inflection ....................................... 73 4.1. Basic Animacy Semantics .............................................................. 80 4.2. Individual and Collective Nouns ................................................ 82 4.2.1. Variation of Animacy: Lexis ............................................. 84 4.2.2. Variation of Animacy: Syntax ........................................... 89 4.2.3. Variation of Animacy: Summary ..................................... 92 4.3. Active / Non-active ......................................................................... 93 4.4. Reclassifications ............................................................................... 95 5. The Noun: Gender ................................................................................. 101 VI RUSSIAN SEMANTICS AND MORPHOLOGY 5.0. Gender in Agreement and Inflection ....................................... 101 5.1. Basic Gender Semantics .............................................................. 107 5.2. The Hypernym Criterion, Gender Semantics, and Syncretism ............................................................................ 112 5.3. Nouns Denoting Persons ............................................................ 116 5.3.1. Indeclinable Nouns .......................................................... 116 5.3.2. DECL2 Nouns ................................................................... 118 5.3.3. DECLl Nouns ................................................................... 119 5.4. Declinable Nouns ......................................................................... 124 5.4.1. The Hypernym Criterion 1: Composites ..................... 124 5.4.2. The Hypernym Criterion 2: Affective Suffixes .......... 127 5.4.3. Other Declinable Nouns: Animates .............................. 139 5.4.4. Other Declinable Nouns: Inanimates ........................... 144 5.4.5. Declinable Nouns: Summary ......................................... 148 5.5. Indeclinable Nouns ...................................................................... 149 5.5.1. The Hypernym Criterion 3: Acronyms ........................ 150 5.5.2. The Hypernym Criterion 4: Loan Words .................... 151 5.5.3. Other Indeclinable Nouns .............................................. 154 5.5.4. The Hypernym Criterion Revisited .............................. 155 5.6. Declensional Class, Animacy, and Gender Revisited .......... 156 5.7. Declensional Class and Gender in Combination .................. 157 6. The Noun: Number ............................................................................... 165 6.0. Number in Agreement and Inflection ..................................... 165 6.1. Basic Number Semantics ............................................................ 166 6.2. Individual-Denoting Nouns and Number ............................. 166 6.3. Pluralia Tantum ............................................................................ 175 7. Adjectives ................................................................................................ 181 7.0. Introduction .................................................................................. 181 7.1. Inflection ........................................................................................ 181 7.2. Lexical Classification ................................................................... 185 7.3. Possessive Adjectives .................................................................. 193 7.4. Adjectives and Word Order ....................................................... 199 7.5. Relational Adjectives ................................................................... 202 7.5.1. The Suffixes -n-, -ov-: Non-active .................................... 203 7.5.2. The Suffix -in-: Active, Non-human-and Species Adjectives ............................................................ 206 7.5.3. The Suffix -sk-: Human ..................................................... 213 7.6. Qualitative Adjectives ................................................................. 220 CONTENTS VII 8. Pronouns ................................................................................................... 239 8.0. Introduction .................................................................................. 239 8.1. Form ................................................................................................. 240 8.1.1. Inflection ............................................................................. 240 8.1.2. Stem ..................................................................................... 244 8.2. Classifying and Non-Classifying Pronouns ........................... 246 8.2.1. From Relational / Qualitative to Classifying / Non-classifying ......................................... 246 8.2.2. A Perspective to Other Parts of Speech ....................... 259 8.3. Pronominal Reference ................................................................. 259 8.3.1. Introduction ....................................................................... 259 8.3.2. Restrictions on Pronominalization ............................... 260 8.3.3. Nominal Semantics and Reference ............................... 263 8.3.4. Deixis: Demonstrative Pronouns .................................. 266 8.3.5. Anaphora: Non-coreferential Pronouns ...................... 269 8.3.6. Anaphora: Pronouns as Predicates ............................... 272 8.3.7. Anaphora: Demonstrative Pronouns ........................... 274 8.3.8. Summary ............................................................................ 279 8.4. Reference, Topic / Focus, and Pronominal Semantics .......... 281 8.5. Indefinite Pronouns ..................................................................... 294 9. Numerals ............................................................................................... 303 9.0. Introduction .................................................................................. 303 9.1. Lexical Semantics: Numerical Plurality .................................. 306 9.2. Numerals: Semantics and Morpho-syntactic Features ........ 307 9.2.1. Feature (a): Declension .................................................... 308 9.2.2. Neither Nouns, nor Adjectives ...................................... 310 9.2.3. Feature (b): Number ........................................................ 312 9.2.4. Feature (c): Gender ........................................................... 314 9.2.5. Feature (d): Animacy ....................................................... 315 9.2.6. Feature (e): Numerals and Non-individuals .............. 316 9.2.7. Feature (f): Headedness Neutralization and the Syntax of Numerical Phrases ......................................... 316 9.2.8. Feature (g): Predicate Agreement ................................. 328 9.3. Collective Numerals .................................................................... 331 9.4. The Upper Limit of Cardinals ................................................... 338 10. Concluding Remarks .......................................................................... 341 References .................................................................................................... 345 ...