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On Two Sets of Deverbal Adjectives in Russian Frank Y. Gladney Russian has two sets of deverbal adjectives which show a striking complementarity . One has a verb root followed by -k-, e.g., vjaz-k-ij 'sticky'. The other has a verb root preceded by a prefix and followed by -Civ-, e.g., na-vjaz-Civ-yj 'importunate'. None of the -kij adjectives has a prefix but all of the -Civyj adjectives do. Why is this so? A deverbal adjective is understood here as an adjective which has a lexical verb as its rootl Vjazkij and navjazCivyj are deverbal adjectives because they have the lexical verb /viiz/ as their root2 Gladkij 'smooth', on the other hand, is not deverbal because it has the lexical adjective /glad/ as its root. Two questions arise. First, by what criteria are morphemes categorized in the lexicon as verbs or as adjectives? And second, how does a lexical verb turn up in a sentence in an adjective form (or a lexical adjective in a verb form, e.g., gladit 'smooths')? For categorizing morphemes in the lexicon there are no set criteria, and in this regard the roots of -kij adjectives pose a challenge. Of the 92 adjectives consisting of a root plus -kij listed in Zaliznjak 1977, some, like vjazkij, kovkij 'malleable' (d. kova!' 'to forge'), and broskij 'garish' (d. brosa!'sja v glaza), clearly have verb roots, while others, like gladkij, blizkij 'close', and krepkij 'strong', just as clearly have adjective roots. Meaning plays a large role in 1 In the Russian grammatical tradition, derivation (word-formation, slovoobrnzovflnie) is viewed differently. There is no word-formation as such, because words are not (synchronically ) formed; they are all listed in the lexicon (words, i.e., word stems, not inflected word forms). The task of slovoobrazovanie is to reduce the redundancy in the lexicon by cross-referencing so-called motivated words, which are formally and semantically more complex, to the corresponding motivating words, which are formally and semantically simpler (Gladney 1982). Thus vjazkij and navjazCivyj are deverbal adjectives because they are motivated by verbs; see the Academy Grammar (Svedova 1980: 294, 296). See also Tixonov (1985), who lists vjazkij in the word nest headed by vjaznll/' 'to get stuck' and navjazCivyj in the word nest headed by vjaza/' 'to bind'. 2 I represent the root vjaz- phonemically as Ivazl rather than as Iv'azl on the assumption that palatalization is positional before front vowels. Robert Rothstein, Ernest Scatton, and Charles E. Townsend, eds. Studia Caroliensia: Papers in Linguistics and Folkore in Honor of Charles f. CribbIe. Bloomington, IN: Siavica, 2006, 135- 42. 136 FRANKY. GLADNEY these judgments. We could do worse than go through Gribble 1973 and categorize as verbs all roots which are glossed with verbs. The root of vjazkij, for example, is glossed as 'tie, join, stick', making it a verb, while the root of gladkij is glossed as 'smooth', an adjective3 There are also morphological criteria . Certainly to be categorized as lexical verbs are morphemes that occur in verb forms followed immediately by thematic lei, e.g., the roots of padet 'will fall' and zajrnet 'will occupy'; thus, padkij 'susceptible' and ernkij 'capacious' are deverbal. Also verbs are roots that precede thematic lei w ith mutative palatalization (underlying Ij/), e.g., the roots of vjazet 'binds' and syplet 'pours' (ef. sypkij 'easily poured'). Examination of the SO-odd verbs of this class turns up few roots-besides those denoting sounds, as in xoxocet 'guffaws', scebei'et 'chirps', etc.-that would not be categorized as verbs. Some verbs with thematic lal throughout the paradigm, such as pylat' 'to blaze', have verb roots (ef. pylkij 'passionate' ). Among verbs with thematic Iii, many are deadjectival (gladit' 'to smooth') or denominal (tiranit' 'to tyrannize'), but those like nosit 'carries' and xodit 'walks' which relate aspectually to -e- verbs (nesCi, idet) have verbal roots (ef. noskij 'wears well', xodkij 'marketable' [goes well]). The second question, how does a lexical X occur in a Y word form, amounts to asking, How does word-formation work? Approaches vary. Some linguists assume that words (i.e., word stems, without inflectional endings) are formed in the lexicon. They view the lexicon as a kind of assembly plant where roots are combined with affixes (sometimes even undergoing phonological processes) prior to these morpheme combinations being deployed in the sentence. This approach to word-formation may involve templates. For example , [V-I#kl lA4 and [P-V-/Civl lA would be the templates by...

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