Notes
Introduction 1 CJ, 1 Dec. 1865. Similarly Sara Smith Wintemute “embraced in one the characters of Martha and Mary.” (CG, 3 Aug. 1881, 247). 2 Wesleyan, 17 Oct. 1860. 3 CCA, 19 Aug. 1868, 2. 4 Catherine A. Brekus, Strangers and Pilgrims: Female Preaching in America 1740–1845 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 152. See also Debora M. Valenze, Prophetic Sons and Daughters: Female Preaching and Popular Religion in Industrial England (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), 35–36. According to Valenze, “the fact that no analogous ‘Father’ title existed (all men were ‘Brothers’) underscored the importance and power ascribed only to women.” 5 Wesleyan, 18 Apr. 1906, 7; 7 Feb. 1906, 7. 6 CG, 23 Aug. 1882, 165. 7 Paul Wesley Chilcote, John Wesley and the Women Preachers of Early Methodism (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1991), 17; Frank Baker, “Susanna Wesley: Puritan, Parent, Pastor, Protagonist, Pattern,” in Women in New Worlds, vol. 2, ed. Rosmary Skinner Keller, Louise L. Queen, and Hilah F. Thomas (Nashville: Abingdon, 1982), 127–31. 8 Earl Kent Brown, Women of Mr. Wesley’s Methodism (Lewiston, NY: Edward Mellen, 1983), 31–42. 9 Paul Wesley Chilcote, She Offered Them Christ: The Legacy of Women Preachers in Early Methodism (Nashville: Abingdon, 1993), 110–22. 10 Abel Stevens, The Women of Methodism: Its Three Foundresses, Susanna Wesley, The Countess of Huntington, and Barbara Heck (New York: Carlton and Porter, 1866), 3, 4. 11 CG, 28 Mar. 1866, 50. In 1872, the editor of the Christian Guardian, Edward Hartley Dewart, noted, “In the early days of Methodism such ‘honourable women’ as Mrs. Fletcher, Mrs. Rogers, Lady Huntingdon, and Dinah Evans, were among its most worthy labourers....Assuredly the artificial standards, by which the intercourse of social life is regulated, are more and more silencing the voice of women, and narrowing the sphere of their religious influence” (CG, 10 Jan. 1872, 12). 12 WMS, Annual Report 1885, 14. Notes 245 13 Newfoundland and mainland Methodism were parts of the same whole, and were under the supervision of the British Wesleyan Methodist Church. The church that resulted from later mergers was the Methodist Church (Canada, Newfoundland , Bermuda). Thus, this study includes Newfoundland without making distinctions based on colonial status. 14 See Randi R. Warne, Literature as Pulpit: The Christian Social Activism of Nellie L. McClung (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1993); and Anne White, “Louise Crummy McKinney (1868–1931): A Window into Western Canadian Christianity,” Canadian Society of Church History Historical Papers 2000, 131–43. 15 David Hempton, The Religion of the People: Methodism and Popular Religion c. 1750–1900 (London: Routledge, 1996), 22. 16 Ann Braude, “Women’s History Is American Religious History,” in Retelling U.S. Religious History, ed. Thomas A. Tweed (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 91. 17 In Atlantic Canada, Methodist work came under the supervision of the British Wesleyan Church by the beginning of the nineteenth century. Thus, Thomas Watson Smith’s two-volume study is, as its title proclaims, a History of Methodism within the Territories Embraced in the Late Conference of Eastern British America (Halifax: Methodist Book Room, 1877–1890). Prior to the Methodist unions of 1874 and 1884, however, studies of central Canada focused on one or another of the Methodist traditions in that area, and, to varying degrees, gave attention to the tensions between the various groups. Both George F. Playter’s History of Methodism in Canada (Toronto: Anson Green, 1862) and John Carroll’s five-volume Case and His Cotemporaries (Toronto: Samuel Rose, 1867–77) chronicle the history of Wesleyan Methodism. Thomas Webster published a History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Canada (Hamilton: Canada Christian Advocate Office, 1870); much later, in 1904, Jane Hopper published Old-Time Primitive Methodism in Canada (Toronto: William Briggs, 1904) about that small denomination . 18 Diane H. Lobody, “‘That Language Might Be Given Me’: Women’s Experience in Early Methodism,” in Perspectives on American Methodism: Interpretive Essays, ed. Russell E. Richey, Kenneth Rowe, and Jean Miller Schmidt (Nashville: Kingswood Books, 1993) 141. 19 UCA, Phoebe L. Haney papers, 86.131C, Caistorville Circuit manuscript; although the form of this is the history of a circuit, its extensive personal reminiscences give it value as a memoir. Annie Leake Tuttle, The Life and Letters of Annie Leake Tuttle: Working For the Best, ed. Marilyn Färdig Whiteley (Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1999). 20 In order to do this, I have studied records in the archives of all the conferences of the United Church...
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