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“Living Symptoms”: Adolescent Health Care in English Canada, 1920–1970
- Wilfrid Laurier University Press
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11 See, for instance, Prince Morrow, Social Diseases and Marriage (New York: Lea Bros., 1904) and Brandt, No Magic Bullet. 12 On the Progressive response to physical abuse, see Elizabeth Pleck, Domestic Tyranny: The Making of Social Policy against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987). On the Progressive response to sexual abuse, see Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence, Boston 1880–1960 (New York: Penguin, 1988). 13 On the significance of Mary Ellen’s case and on the child-saving movement in general, see LeRoy Ashby, Endangered Children: Dependency, Neglect and Abuse in American History (New York: Twayne, 1997). 14 On the history of social work, see Roy Lubove, The Professional Altruist: The Emergence of Social Work as a Career 1880–1930 (New York: Atheneum, 1980). On the response of social workers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to reports of incest and child abuse, see Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives. 15 On the legal history of the family in American society, see Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and Family in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985); and Mary Ann Mason, From Father’s Property to Children’s Rights: The History of Child Custody in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994). 16 Brandt, No Magic Bullet, 10. 17 Grace Campbell Hardy, “Vaginal Flora in Children,” American Journal of the Diseases of Children 62 (1941): 939–54. 18 The gonococcus was first cultured in 1885, only six years after its discovery. However , reliable and convenient culture techniques remained elusive for several decades. Mary J. Erickson and Henry Albert, “Cultivation of the Gonococcus,” Journal of Infectious Disease 30 (1922): 268–78. 19 A. Reith Fraser, “Vulvovaginitis in Children,” Venereal Disease Information 7 (1926): 5. 20 On the usefulness of culture versus stain, see Ruth A. Anderson, Oscar T. Schultz, and Irving F. Stein, “A Bacteriologic Study of Vulvovaginitis of Children,” Journal of Infectious Disease 32 (1923): 452. 21 Anderson, Schultz, and Stein, “Vulvovaginitis of Children,” 452. 22 A. K. Paine, “The Point of View of the Clinician,” New England Journal of Medicine 207 (1932): 138. 23 Paine, “Point of View of the Clinician,” 138. 24 J. Claxton Giddings, Charles A. Fife, and Howard Childs Carpenter, “Report of the Committee of the American Pediatric Society on Vaginitis in Children,” Transactions of the American Pediatric Society 27 (1915): 344. 25 Anderson, Schultz, and Stein, “Vulvovaginitis of Children,” 444–55; and W. L. Whittington, R. J. Rice, J. W. Biddle, and J. S. Knapp, “Incorrect Identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from Infants and Children,” Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 7 (1988): 3–10. 26 Examples of this type of research include, among others, Warren R. Lang, “Pediatric Vaginitis,” New England Journal of Medicine 253 (1955): 1152–60; Charles Mazer and Fred R. Shechter, “Treatment of Vulvovaginitis with Estrogen,” Journal of the American Medical Association 112 (1939): 1925–28; and Louis Weinstein, Maxwell Bogin, Joseph H. Howard, and Benjamin B. Finkelstone, “A Survey of the Vaginal Flora at Various Ages, with Special Reference to the Doderlein Bacillus ,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 32 (1936): 211–18. 348 HUGHES EVANS 27 Y. M. Felman and J. A. Nikitas, “Gonococcal Infections in Infants and Children,” New York State Journal of Medicine 79 (1979): 1064; and Mazer and Shechter, “Treatment of Vulvovaginitis with Estrogen,” 1925. 28 In 1982, gynecologist Albert Altchek wrote that the childhood vagina “may be the best culture medium in the world for the gonococcus.” Albert Altchek, “Brief Guide to Office Counseling: Gonococcal Vaginitis in Children,” Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality 16 (1982): 46. 29 The literature on the use of estrogen compounds in the treatment of gonorrheal vaginitis is voluminous. See, for instance, Louis E. Goldberg, Carl I. Minier, and Ellis L. Smith, “Estrogenic Treatment of Gonorrheal Vaginitis,” Journal of Pediatrics 7 (1935): 401–17; Robert M. Lewis and Eleanor L. Adler, “Gonorrhea Vaginitis: Results of Treatment with Different Preparations and Amounts of Estrogenic Substance,” Journal of the American Medical Association 106 (1936): 2054–58; Mazer and Shechter, “Treatment of Vulvovaginitis with Estrogen,” 1925–28; and Richard Betts Phillips, “Theelin Therapy in Vulvovaginitis,” New England Journal of Medicine 213 (1935): 1026–29; and Richard W. TeLinde, “The Treatment of Gonococcic Vaginitis with the Estrogenic Hormone,” Journal of the American Medical Association 110 (1938): 1633–38. 30 S. R. McKelvey, Nolie Mumey, and George K. Dunklee, “Gonorrhea in...