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“There’s No Place Like Home: Space, Place, and Identity in the Contemporary Francophone Novel in Quebec,” diss., University of Southampton, 1999. 5 “Cultural geography…becomes the field of study which concentrates upon the ways in which space, place and the environment participate in an unfolding dialogue of meaning . This includes thinking about how geographical phenomena are shaped, worked and apportioned according to ideology; how they are used when people form and express their relationships and ideas, including their sense of who they are. It also includes the ways in which place, space and environment are perceived and represented, how they are depicted in the arts, folklore and media and how these artistic uses feed back into the practical.” Pamela Shurmer-Smith, introduction, Doing Cultural Geography, ed. Pamela Shurmer-Smith (London: Sage, 2002), 3. 6 Jack Warwick, The Long Journey: Literary Themes of French Canada, 2nd ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973), 34. 7 Chloe Chard, Pleasure and Guilt on the Grand Tour: Travel Writing and Imaginative Geography 1600–1830 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999), 10. The citation is from Christian Jacob, L’Empire des cartes: approche théorique de la cartographie à travers l’histoire (Paris: Albin Michel, 1992), 16, Chard’s translation. 8 Bill 101 made French the sole official language of Quebec, encouraged businesses to adopt a policy of francisation, ruled that public signs should be in French, and restricted the entry of immigrant children to English schools to those who had a parent who had attended an English-language school, and those who had begun their education in an English -language school outside of Quebec. The bill provoked an outcry amongst certain members of the anglophone and immigrant communities, and was revised after elements of it were declared unconstitutional by Canada’s Supreme Court. 9 Jacques Godbout coined the term “le texte national” in reference to his novel Salut Galarneau! (Paris: Seuil, 1967). Ben-Zion Shek defines this genre as “describ[ing] novels that were mainly concerned with Quebec’s place in Canada and the world—but in a more complex, contradictory, and tragic way.” Ben-Zion Shek, French-Canadian and Québécois Novels (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991), 53. 10 Jacques Renaud, Broke City, trans. David Homel (Montreal: Guernica, 1984); originally published as Le Cassé (Montreal: Parti pris, 1964). 11 I should point out that the anti-urban writing of the 1960s has a number of literary antecedents in the social realist literature of the 1940s, such as Gabrielle Roy’s Tin Flute, trans. Alan Brown (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1955); originally published as Bonheur d’occasion (Montreal: Beauchemin, 1945). 12 Renaud, 59. 13 Hubert Aquin, Blackout, trans. Alan Brown (Toronto: Anansi, 1974); originally published as Trou de mémoire (Montreal: Le Cercle du Livre de France, 1968). 14 Renaud, 87. 15 “La seule différence dans les orgies entre l’Est et l’Ouest c’est que dans l’Est on s’assomme et que dans l’Ouest on s’amuse.” Renaud, “Le Cassé” et autres nouvelles suivi de“Le journal du ‘Cassé,” Collection “projection libérantes” (Montreal: Parti pris, 1981), 77. 16 Pierre Nepveu, L’Écologie du réel: Mort et naissance de la littérature québécoise contemporaine , 2nd ed. (Montreal: Boréal, 1999). 17 “Le romancier d’aujourd’hui, malgré son désir de l’histoire, se rapproche du cartographe, en ce qu’il s’attache primordialement à definir un lieu, à ‘bâtir le pays’,” Gilles Marcotte, “Le Romancier comme cartographe,” Le roman à l’imparfait: La “Révolution tranquille ” du roman québécois, 2nd ed. (Montreal: Éditions de l’Hexagone, 1989); originally published as Le roman à l’imparfait: Essais sur le roman québécois d’aujourd’hui (Mon266 (Dis)Locating Language treal: Éditions la Presse, 1976), 244. Page citations are to the second edition. My translation , as are all other translations in this essay except where stated otherwise. 18 Patricia Smart, Writing in the Father’s House:The Emergence of the Feminine in the Quebec Literary Tradition (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991); originally published as Écrire dans la maison du père: L’émergence du féminin dans la tradition littéraire du Québec (Montreal: Éditions Québec/Amérique, 1988). 19 Smart, 92. 20Marie-Claire Blais, A Season in the Life of Emmanuel, trans. Derek Coltman, 2nd ed. (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1992); originally published as Une saison dans la vie d’Emmanuel (Paris: Éditions du Jour, 1965). 21 Blais, 7...

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