Anti-Judaism in Early Christianity: Paul and the Gospels

Index Locorum

216 Paul and the Gospels The Fourth Gospel clearly states (4:22) that salvation is from the Jews. In the same context it is stated that the Jews are the ones who know God, and also that in the future there will be a worship in spirit and truth whichwill make the Temple inJerusalem unimportant. Jesus can be seen as the true temple (2:21), as the new lawgiver(13:34), who works in co­operation with Moses (1:17), and who is now in heaven to be reached through the spirit (chap. 14). He died for the nation of Israel and for all the nations (11:47­53). This new Israel has a new High Priest and a new temple, namelyJesus. There is clearly a mission to others than those of the house of Israel, but there is also a continuation of converts from Judaism to Jesus like Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea, soJesus is drawing disciples out of Judaism as well as from other nations. It would also be easy to look differently at these same texts. The Jewish roots could be seen in terms of the past, not in the present or the future. The Baptist (as a symbol of Judaism) is on the decrease (3:30). The denial of all kings but Caesar placesJudaism outside the sphere of Christianity (19:15). Moses is no longer valid. The Pharisees are blind and have a guilt which continues (9:41). Jesus did not trust the people in Jerusalem (2:23­25). He condemned the Jewish people as sons of the devil (8:44). The chief priests were the ones who crucified Jesus (19:16). They were also the ones who said they had no king but Caesar (19:15). The fourth evangelist has distanced himself from Judaism, by widening the reference to chief priests and the like, and by overusing the category Jews, generally witha negative tone. It isdifficult to escape the powerful and pervasive negative attitude found in the Fourth Gospel with regard to Judaism. Two possible interpretations of the data lead us back to the original thesis that the Fourth Gospel has not resolved the direction in which faith inJesus isto go.On the one hand there are those statements moving toward a spiritual Judaism, and on the other are those state­ ments calling for a new religion. It isone of the tragedies of interpreta­ tion that the harsher statements have blotted out the milder and more inclusive ones. Index Nominorum* Andresen, C. 157n Applebaum, S. 62n Aptowitzer, V. 13 Arendt, Hannah 4 Ashtor, E. 62n Bailey, J.A. 147n Baldry, H.G. 6n Bammel, E. 14n, 19n, 51n, 124 Barclay, W. 37 Barr, James 30 Barrett, C.K. 51n, 65n, 84n, 147n, 157n, 158n, 204 Earth, Gerhard 196n Barth, Karl 40 Earth, Markus 16n, 38n, 40, 44, 45, 55 Baum, Gregory 16, 182­83 Baumgarten, J.M. 130n Baur, Ferdinand C. 23­24 Beare, Francis Wright 26n, 80n Beker, J.C. 75n, 76n, 86n, 87n Bell, H.I. 9 Bengel, J.A. 47n Ben­Sasson, H.H. 6 Berger, K. 38n Best, Ernest 107n, 122,n, 158n Betz, Hans D. 38n, 42­43, 53n, 75n, 76n, 119n Beyer, Herman Wolfgang HOn Beyerchen, Alan D. 5n Bickermann, E. 6n Bishop, Claire Huchet 3n Black, Matthew 61n, 158n Blank, J. 16n Bloch, J. 16n Blondel, Maurice 3 Boers, H. 38n Bonnard, P. 38n Bonsirven, J. 40 Boring, M. Eugene 113n Bornkamm, Giinther 26n, 75n, 76n, 139, 196­97 Bornkamm, H. 16n Bousset, W. 10, 37n Bowker, J. 132n Brandon, S.G.F. 86n Braun, H. 26n, 185n Bring, R. 38n, 43, 47n, 57n Broneer, O. 67n Bronson, D. 43n Brosseder, Johannes 16n Budesheim, Thomas L. HOn Bultmann, Rudolf 4, 26n, 38n, 43n, 47, 53n, 78n, 147, 203, 204 Burkill, T.A. 112­13, 119n Burton, E.D. 38n, 40, 42, 43n, 46n Cadbury, H. 139 Caird, G.B. 142n Canfield, Leon Hardy 121n Catchpole, David 124, 153n Cavallin, H.C.C. 50n Chadwick, Henry 118n Clark, K.W. 183n Clermont­Ganneau, Charles S. 62n * Indexes prepared by Barry W. Henaut. 217 218 Paul and the Gospels Cohen, Shaye lOn Cohn, H. 142n Colson, Francis H. 8n Conzelmann, Hans 53n, 129n, 139, 156 Cook, Michael J. 114n, 123n, 141, 165n Coser, Lewis 198 Cremer, H. 41 Dahl, Nils A. 27, 139 Daniels, B.L. 50n Darrow, F.S. 62n Davies, Alan T. 3n, 16n, 18, 50n...