Children in English-Canadian Society: Framing the Twentieth-Century Consensus

Bibliographic Note

312 Notes (pp. 235­9) 23 Corbett, 'The Public School Kindergarten in Ontario,' pp. 24­5, 102­3 24 Pavey, 'James Wilson Robertson,' pp. 11­13, 78­9, 104, 117­18 25 Leake, Industrial Education; Leake, The Means and Methods of Agricultural Education; Leake, The Vocational Education of Girls and Women. The first two won Hart, Schaffner, and Marx prizes. 26 Bain, 'The Role of JJ. Kelso,' passim 27 Hareven, 'An Ambiguous Alliance: Some Aspects of American Influences on Canadian Social Welfare,' Histoire Sociale/Social History, 3 (April 1969), p. 98 28 Ontario, Sessional Papers, 1881, no. 8, p. 15, quoted in Splane, Social Welfare in Ontario, p. 49 29 PHJ, XI (February 1920), pp. 70­8 30 Allen, The Social Passion, p. 3 31 Canadian White Ribbon Tidings, III (15 February 1907), p. 815; ibid., IV (15 February 1908), pp. 1120­1;ibid. (February 1909), pp. 1340­2, 1352 32 Nearly 300 women also served on these committees. Ontario, Sessional Papers, 1896, no. 17, pp. 35­66 33 NCW, Yearbook, 1896, pp. 3­26 34 McNaught, A Prophet in Politics, chap. 4 35 Allen, The Social Passion, pp. 24­5 36 'Mothers' Allowances,' PHJ, IX (December 1918), pp. 545­6; 37 Handbook, pp. 109­12 38 Ontario Teachers' Manuals,History of Education (Toronto: The Minister of Education for Ontario, 1915), pp. 4, 177­81 39 'Human Sacrifice,' PHJ,IV (February 1913), p. 96 40 A.D. Blackader,'... Causes UnderlyingHeavy Infantile Death ...,' PHJ,ill (July 1912), p. 368 41 Mme Jules Tessier, 'The Value of Milk Depots,' ibid., VIII (March 1917), p. 66 42 Ella Cory Benson, 'The Women of Today,' Western Women's Weekly, II (6 December 1918), p. 15 43 See Canada, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Demography Branch, Children in Gainful Occupations (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1929) and Canada, Depart­ ment of Labour, The Employment of Children and Young Persons in Canada (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1930) 44 Since the uncertain state of Canadian vital statistics before 1921 makes sus­ pect any figures taken from these years, I have drawn on three sets of evi­ dence to infer rather than to prove this conclusion. First, the vital statistics of British Columbia showed that the proportion of those between 40 and 60 in the total number of deaths for the year shifted from 47 per cent in Notes (pp. 239­41) 313 1874 to 32 per cent in 1884 to 19 per cent in 1894, to 20 per cent in 1904 to 23 per cent in 1914. British Columbia, Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages, Report, 1874, p. 4;ibid., 1884, p. 295­,ibid., 1894, p. 571;ibid., 1904, p. 5; ibid., 1914, p. L27. Second, I supposed that what happened after 1921 continued a trend which began before that date. Because the average age at death between 1921 and 1952 rose from 39.0 to 55.8 years for males and from 41.1 to 58.2 for females, I assumed that improvements in health ­ particularly in sanitation ­ had also produced a rise in the average ageof death in Canada between the 1880s and the 1920s. Canada Year Book, 1955, p. 200. Third, where long­term data is available, as in Sweden, they show that the principalbeneficiaries of nineteenth century health improvements were in the young­adult and adult age groups. I therefore surmized that the Cana­ dian experience may well have been roughly the same. See Odin W. Anderson, 'Age­Specific Mortality Differentials Historically and Currently: Observations and Implications,' Bulletin of the History of Medicine, XXVII (November­ December 1953), pp. 521­9. 45 Fifth ... Canadian Conference on Child Welfare, p. 217 46 Urquhart and Buckley,Historical Statistics of Canada, pp. 252­3, 53, 108 47 See Charlotte Whitton's detailed survey of this legislation in Fifth ... Canadian Conference on Child Welfare, pp. 63­6. 48 Ontario, Statutes, 1921, c. 53 49 New Brunswick, Statutes, 1917, c. 23 50 See, for example, British Columbia, Statutes, 1920, c. 2 51 Fifth ... Canadian Conference on Child Welfare, p. 147 52 The Canadian Mother's Book, chap. 8 5 3 F. Henry Johnson, 'Changing Conceptions of Discipline and Pupil­Teacher Relations in Canadian Schools' (DPAED dissertation, University of Toronto, 1952), chap. 3 This page intentionally left blank Bibliographic Note English Canadians expressed their growing concern for their youngsters through an astonishingly rich literature. Fortunately, they eased the historian's task by frequently repeating themselves. In surveying these extensive sources...