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167 Appendix B Scores and Indices This book draws on several existing indices and calculates or modifies other scores and indices for use in this research. This appendix details the components of each of these variables. Specific variables and their sources are listed in Appendix A. FULL EMPLOYMENT SCORE The full employment score is actually two different measures—a score for the Senate and a score for the House. In the Senate, the score is composed of three roll call votes on S. 380, two that amended it and one that passed it. In the House, the three components consist of sponsorship of the full employment bill, a roll call to recommit the compromise bill, and a roll call on its final passage. Both of these scores, however, are constructed in the same manner and are fashioned after the roll-call scoring approaches used by many others (Clausen 1973, pp. 12–35; MacRae 1958; Miller and Stokes 1963). In this instance, behaviors deemed to be supporting full employment are assigned the value of 1.0, and behaviors deemed to be opposing full employment are assigned the value of −1.0. In the case of the Senate, voting to amend S. 380 is considered to be in opposition to full employment. In the House, voting to recommit S. 380 is considered an antagonistic action. It almost goes without saying that sponsoring and voting for final passage are supportive of full employment. After each member was given a 1.0 or −1.0 score for each of the three possible actions, the three values were summed for each member. This sum became the numerator in a ratio that had 3—the total possible behaviors—as the denominator. This ratio was computed for each member to form a score that ranged from −1.0 to 1.0. PARTISANSHIP SCORE The partisanship score is an index of support calculated from those 50 roll calls in which a majority of one party opposed a majority of the other party during the first session of the 79th Congress. It forms a ratio, with 1.0 as the In order to view this proof accurately, the Overprint Preview Option must be checked in Acrobat Professional or Adobe Reader. Please contact your Customer Service Representative if you have questions about finding the option. Job Name: -- /347091t 168 Wasem perfect partisanship score and −1.0 as the most extreme negative partisanship score. The numerator is the number of times the legislator voted with his or her party’s position minus the number of times the legislator voted with the opposing party’s position. The denominator is 50, which was the total number of party-line votes (i.e., when the majority of one party votes in contrast to the majority of the other party) that were taken in the U.S. House of Representative during the 79th Congress. Unlike other scores based upon roll calls, this ratio does not equate nonvoting to voting with the opposition, and the Democratic partisanship score symmetrically complements the Republican partisanship score. This partisanship score differs from the Rice Index of Party Cohesion on several dimensions. Foremost, this partisanship score is calculated for each member based upon his or her voting record. The Rice Index is calculated for parties according to sessions of Congress and is based upon the degree that members of the same party voted together. This partisanship score also differs from the Index of Party Unlikeness, again because the unit of analysis for the latter is the Congress rather than the member. IDEOLOGY SCALE The liberal-conservative ideology scale is based on selected roll-call votes that tap liberal versus conservative cleavages. The New Republic published how each member of Congress voted on 10 roll calls occurring during the 79th Congress that the Union for Democratic Action (UDA) identified as critical “progressive” votes in the areas of foreign policy, civil liberties, farm policy, price controls, poll taxes, antiracketeering, and the confirmation of Henry Wallace as commerce secretary (New Republic 1946a,b). As in the case of the partisanship score, nonvoting is not equated with a negative vote. The number of votes against the liberal positions is subtracted from the number of votes with the liberal positions and then divided by the total number of times the member voted. Those members of Congress on record as having voted for all 10 liberal stands scored a perfect +1.0, and those on record as having voted 10 times against the liberal position scored...

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