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9.01 ARUNDINEAE • Hakonechloa 171 adx palisade layer absent; fusoid cells absent; arm cells usu absent (present in Phragmites); Kranz anatomy absent; midribs simple; adx bulliform cells present; stomatal subsidiary cells low domeshaped or triangular; bicellular microhairs usu present, usu with long, narrow tml cells; papillae usu absent. Infl usu tml, ebracteate, usu paniculate, occ spicate or rcm. Spklt lat compressed, with 1–several bisex flt or all flt unisex and the species dioecious; flt 1–several, terete or lat compressed, distal flt often rdcd; dis above the glm. Glm 2, from shorter than the adjacent lm to exceeding the distal flt; lm (3)5–7-veined, lanceolate to elliptic, acute to acuminate, smt awned; awns 1 or 3, if 3 not fused into a single bas column; pal subequal to the lm; lod 2, usu free, occ joined at the base, fleshy, usu glab, not, scarcely, or heavily vascularized; anth (1)2–3; ov glab; sty 2, usu free, bases close together. Car usu punctate (long-linear in Molinia); endosperm hard, without lipid; starch grains compound; haustorial synergids absent; emb usu large compared to the car, waisted or not; epiblast absent; scutellar cleft present; mesocotyl intnd elongate; emb lf mrg usu meeting (overlapping in Hakonechloa). x = 6, 9, 10, 12. The Arundinoideae are interpreted here as including only one tribe, the Arundineae. The tribe used to be interpreted more broadly (e.g., Watson et al. 1985; Clayton and Renvoize 1986; Kellogg and Campbell 1987), but the broader interpretation was generally acknowledged to be somewhat artificial. Hsiao et al. (1998) showed support for inclusion of the Danthonieae, Aristideae, and Arundineae in a more broadly interpreted Arundinoideae, but other studies (e.g., Hilu and Esen 1990; Barker et al. 1995, 1998; Grass Phylogeny Working Group 2001) have failed to support such a treatment. More recent work (BouchenakKhelladi et al. 2008) suggests that the Arundineae are basal to the Micrairoideae, Aristidoideae, Chloridoideae, and Danthonioideae. 9. ARUNDINEAE Dumort. Kelly W. Allred See subfamily description. There are still questions about the circumscription of the Arundineae, but it clearly includes the genera in this treatment. Its morphological circumscription is also difficult. The most abundant genera in North America, Phragmites and Arundo, have tall culms bearing numerous, conspicuously distichous, broad leaves and large, plumose panicles, a habit frequently described as “reedlike”, but not all members of the tribe have this habit. Linder et al. (1997) noted that Arundo, Phragmites, and Molinia have hollow culm internodes, punctate hila, and convex sides to the adaxial ribs in the leaf blades, but these characters have not been examined in all genera of the tribe. Members of the Arundineae are found in tropical and temperate areas around the world. The reedlike species are found in marshy to damp soils, but some of the other species grow in xeric habitats. 1. Lemmas glabrous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.02 Phragmites 1. Lemmas hairy. 2. Rachilla internodes hairy; lemmas with papillose-based hairs on the margins . . . . . . . . . . 9.01 Hakonechloa 2. Rachilla internodes glabrous; lemmas pilose, the hairs not papillose-based . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.03 Arundo 9.01 HAKONECHLOA Makino ex Honda Mary E. Barkworth Pl per; loosely ces, rhz and stln. Clm 30–90 cm, erect or geniculate at the base. Shth open; aur absent; abx lig present, composed of a line of hairs across the col; adx lig memb and sparsely ciliate, smt lacerate, cilia subequal to the base; bld flat, linear-lanceolate, resupinate, in living pl the glaucousgreen adx surface facing downwards and the bright green abx surface facing upwards. Pan not plumose. Spklt pedlt, somewhat lat compressed, with 5–10 flt; rchl intnd conspicuously pilose; dis at the base of the rchl segment and below each spklt. Glm unequal, lanceolate, unawned; cal 1.5–2 mm, strigose, hairs 1–1.5 mm; lm chartaceous, 3-veined, mrg with papillose-based hairs near the base, apc inconspicuously bidentate, awned from between the teeth; awns 3–5 mm, straight; pal 2-keeled. Car glab. x = 10. Name from Hakone, a city on the island of Honshu, Japan, and the Greek chloa, ‘grass’. Hakonechloa is a monospecific genus, endemic to Japan, but grown as an ornamental in North America. The resupination of the blades is not evident on herbarium specimens. 1. Hakonechloa macra (Munro) Makino Japanese Forest Grass, Hakone Grass [p. 406] Rhz and stln covered with pale, coriaceous scales. Clm 30–90 cm tall, 1–1.5 mm thick, glab. Adx lig 0.2-0.3 mm; bld 8–25 cm long, 0.4–1.2 cm...

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