Cave Rock: Climbers, Courts, and a Washoe Indian Sacred Place

Notes

101 n o t e s introduction 1.฀Robert฀F.฀Heizer฀and฀Albert฀B.฀Elsasser,฀“Some฀Archaeological฀Sites฀and฀ Cultures฀ of฀ the฀ Central฀ Sierra฀ Nevada,”฀ Reports฀ of ฀ the฀ University฀ of ฀ California฀ Archaeological฀Survey฀21฀(Berkeley:฀University฀of฀California,฀1953),฀9;฀Andrew฀Todhunter ,฀Fall฀of ฀the฀Phantom฀Lord฀(New฀York:฀Doubleday,฀1998),฀29. 2.฀Jones฀and฀Stokes฀Associates,฀Inc.,฀Cave฀Rock฀Management฀Plan฀Final฀Environmental ฀ Impact฀ Statement฀ [hereafter฀ feis]฀ (Sacramento,฀ Calif.:฀ Jones฀ and฀ Stokes,฀ 2002),฀chap.฀3,฀1–2;฀Erich฀Obermayr,฀Foot฀Path฀to฀Four-Lane:฀A฀Historical฀Guidebook฀ to฀ Transportation฀ on฀ Lake฀ Tahoe’s฀ Southeast฀ Shore฀ (Moundhouse,฀ Nev.:฀ Nevada฀ Department฀of฀Transportation,฀2005),฀21–23;฀E.฀B.฀Scott,฀The฀Saga฀of ฀Lake฀Tahoe,฀ vol.฀1,฀(Crystal฀Bay,฀Nev.:฀Sierra-Tahoe฀Publishing,฀1957),฀251. 3.฀Washoe฀Tribe,฀“Protection฀of฀De’ek฀wadapush฀(Cave฀Rock),”฀n.d.,฀www .yachaywasi-ngo.org/SC24USAwashoe.pdf฀ (accessed฀ Feb.฀ 12,฀ 2009);฀ feis,฀ chap.฀ 3,฀9–10.฀We฀use฀the฀terms฀shaman฀and฀doctor฀interchangeably฀because฀Washoe฀ sources฀have฀consistently฀done฀so฀since฀the฀earliest฀interviews฀in฀the฀1930s. 4.฀For฀an฀overarching฀discussion฀of฀Indian฀sacred฀places,฀see฀Vine฀Deloria฀Jr.,฀ Spirit฀and฀Reason:฀The฀Vine฀Deloria,฀Jr.,฀Reader฀(Golden,฀Colo.:฀Fulcrum฀Publishing ,฀1999),฀323–38;฀see฀also฀Peter฀Nabokov,฀Where฀the฀Lightning฀Strikes:฀The฀Lives฀of ฀ American฀Indian฀Sacred฀Places฀(New฀York:฀Penguin฀Group,฀2006);฀feis,฀chap.฀2,฀21. 5.฀Scott,฀The฀Saga฀of ฀Lake฀Tahoe,฀vol.฀1,฀256;฀feis,฀chap.฀3,฀1,฀13–15.฀See฀also฀Don฀ Handelman,฀“The฀Development฀of฀a฀Washoe฀Shaman,”฀in฀Native฀Californians:฀ A฀Theoretical฀Retrospective,฀ed.฀John฀Lowell฀Bean฀and฀Thomas฀Blackburn฀(Menlo฀ Park,฀Calif.:฀Ballena฀Press,฀1976);฀Edgar฀E.฀Siskin฀Papers,฀Collection฀90–68,฀box฀ 1,฀Special฀Collections฀Department,฀University฀of฀Nevada,฀Reno฀[hereafter฀unr].฀ The฀statement฀about฀not฀driving฀through฀the฀tunnels฀comes฀from฀discussions฀ with฀numerous฀tribe฀members. 6.฀Obermayr,฀Foot฀Path฀to฀Four-Lane,฀12,฀22;฀Scott,฀Saga฀of ฀Lake฀Tahoe,฀vol.฀1,฀ 251–56;฀E.฀B.฀Scott,฀The฀Saga฀of ฀Lake฀Tahoe,฀vol.฀2฀(Crystal฀Bay,฀Nev.:฀Sierra-Tahoe฀ Publishing,฀1973),฀64–65. 7.฀Thomas฀Frederick฀Howard,฀Sierra฀Crossing:฀First฀Roads฀to฀California฀(Berke- 102 notes to pages 3–7 ley:฀University฀of฀California฀Press,฀1998),฀156;฀Scott,฀Saga฀of ฀Lake฀Tahoe,฀vol.฀2,฀ 62–63;฀feis,฀chap.฀3,฀12–13;฀Scott,฀Saga฀of ฀Lake฀Tahoe,฀vol.฀1,฀255. 8.฀Scott,฀Saga฀of ฀Lake฀Tahoe,฀vol.฀2,฀67. 9.฀feis,฀chap.฀3,฀8;฀Paul฀McHugh,฀“The฀Battle฀over฀Cave฀Rock,”฀San฀Francisco฀ Chronicle,฀Sept.฀25,฀2003. 10.฀Mike฀Carville,฀Rock฀Climbing฀Lake฀Tahoe฀(Helena,฀Mt.:฀Falcon฀Books,฀1999),฀ 3.฀The฀quote฀is฀from฀McHugh,฀“The฀Battle฀over฀Cave฀Rock.” 11.฀Carville,฀Rock฀Climbing฀Lake฀Tahoe,฀3. 12.฀Ibid.,฀112–14,฀223–24;฀feis,฀chap.฀3,฀30–31.฀Osman฀considered฀Jay฀Smith฀one฀ of฀his฀four฀climbing฀exemplars฀(Todhunter,฀Fall฀of ฀the฀Phantom฀Lord,฀24). 13.฀Todhunter,฀Fall฀of ฀the฀Phantom฀Lord,฀29. 14.฀Carville,฀Rock฀Climbing฀Lake฀Tahoe,฀112;฀feis,฀chap.฀3,฀30–33.฀In฀2002฀forest฀ managers฀estimated฀nonclimbing฀Cave฀Rock฀recreation฀users฀at฀750–1,000฀annual฀ visits฀(feis,฀33). 15.฀feis,฀chap.฀1,฀2;฀Washoe฀Tribal฀Council฀Minutes,฀Apr.฀5,฀1951,฀folder฀064,฀ Washoe฀ Tribe฀ Minutes,฀ 1945–1955,฀ box฀ 7,฀ Western฀ Nevada฀ Agency,฀ Carson,฀ Tribal฀Council฀Minutes/Resolutions฀1940–1974,฀Record฀Group฀[hereafter฀rg]฀75,฀ National฀Archives฀and฀Records฀Administration฀[hereafter฀nara],฀Pacific Region,฀ San฀Bruno,฀Calif.;฀Record฀Courier,฀Apr.฀20,฀May฀11,฀1951;฀Brian฀Wallace,฀Gardnerville ,฀Nev.,฀to฀Steve฀Chilton,฀Aug.฀24,฀1992,฀Washoe฀Tribe฀of฀Nevada฀and฀California ฀files,฀Gardnerville;฀Linda฀Eissmann,฀Carson฀City,฀Nev.,฀to฀Brian฀Wallace,฀May฀ 28,฀1993,฀Washoe฀Tribe฀of฀Nevada฀and฀California files,฀Gardnerville,฀Nev. 16.฀“Cave฀Rock’s฀Religious฀Importance,”฀Tahoe฀Daily฀Tribune,฀Apr.฀18,฀1993;฀ Carville,฀Rock฀Climbing฀Lake฀Tahoe,฀15. 17.฀ “Cave฀ Rock’s฀ Religious฀ Importance,”฀ Tahoe฀Daily฀Tribune,฀ Apr.฀ 18,฀ 1993;฀ Brian฀ Wallace,฀ videotaped฀ interview฀ with฀ Michael฀ Makley,฀ Carson฀ City,฀ Nev.,฀ June฀14,฀1998,฀video฀in฀possession฀of฀authors. 18.฀ Sam฀ Davidson,฀ Access฀ Notes,฀ vol.฀ 20฀ (winter฀ 1997),฀ www.accessfund.org฀ (accessed฀Feb.฀22,฀1998). 19.฀ “A฀ Brief฀ History฀ of฀ the฀ Access฀ Fund,”฀ http://www.accessfund.org /about/history.php฀(accessed฀Feb.฀24,฀2009);฀www.outdoorlink.com/accessfund /whoweare/board.html฀ (accessed฀ June฀ 15,฀ 1997);฀ National฀ Park฀ Service,฀ Devils฀ Tower฀N.M.—Final฀Climbing฀Management฀Plan,฀www.nps.gov/archive/deto/deto _climbing/detotoc.html฀(accessed฀October฀4,฀2008). 20.฀Paul฀Minault,฀San฀Francisco,฀Calif.,฀to฀Steve฀Chilton,฀July฀12,฀1993,฀copy฀in฀ possession฀of฀authors. 21.฀Juan฀Palma,฀“Cave฀Rock฀Management฀Direction,฀Lake฀Tahoe฀Basin฀Management ฀Unit฀[hereafter฀ltbmu...