Basque Nationalism and the Spanish State: Alternative Routes To Nationalist Mobilisation

Index

Aberri Eguna, 52 adq (Action Démocratique du Québec), 166, 170 Aguirre, José Antonio, 71, 81; agreement with General de Gaulle, 72–73; Basque National Council, 72–74; death of, 75; government-in-exile, 72–73; present at birth of United Nations, 73 aid for development, 127–28 Ajuria-Enea, Pact of (1988), 58 Ajuriaguerra, Juan, 88 Almirall, Valentí, 59 ap (Alianza Popular), 86, 95 Aquitaine region, 130 Arana Goiri, Luis, 51 Arana Goiri, Sabino, 51, 52–60, 65; and Basque nation determined by race, 53–54; Catholicism and, 53–54; conversion to nationalism of, 51; creation of the Basque flag by, 52; and early Basque nationalism, 52–57; Euskadi, name created by, 53; founding of the pnv by, 52; influence on paradiplomacy of, 121–22; legacy of, 57–60; and mysterious origins of the Basques, 55–56; opposition to capitalism of, 54; and symbol for Basque nationalism, 161 asymmetrical federalism, 147 Atlantic Arc, 117–18, 201n14 Atocha train station bombings, 108; effect of, on the permanent cease-fire, 109–110 Atutxa, Juan María, 107 authoritarian state, 62–82 —as a cause of political violence, 82 —and Franco dictatorship, 69–75 —influence of: democratic state on, 83–98; on Basque nationalism, 81–82 —and Second Spanish Republic, 63–68 autonomous communities, 86; and judiciary appointed by Spanish government, 145 autonomy, Basque preference for, 172. See also Statute of Autonomy Aznar, Prime Minister José María, 94, 105, 107, 205n24; and constitution of 1978, 144; on origin of Islamic terrorism, 205n30 Baden-Württemberg, 118 Barcelona Declaration, 101 Basque bourgeoisie, 34–35 Basque Country: normalization of politics in, 109–11; political divisions within, 165–68; social divisions in, 210n48 Basque diaspora, 128–29; Basque Centers in, 128–29 Basque elites, 50, 187n97, 189n51; reaction of, to centralization, 81 Basque Government, 125–34; and Basque communities abroad, 128–29; and Basque Network of European Information , 125; creation of, 89–90; and European affairs, 125–26; and extraEuropean bilateral relations, 126–28; and General Secretariat on Foreign Action, 124, 125; importance of foreign affairs for, 125; in exile, 72–75; and Interdepartmental Commission for Foreign Action, 124–25; paradiplomacy of, 121–34; and transborder cooperation with the Basque Country of France, 129–30 Index 231 Page numbers in italics refer to figures. Basque language academy, 130 Basque nationalism, 60–62, 81–82; Carlist origins of, 62; comparative perspective on, 157–76; compared to four other Western nationalist movements, 157–76; and conflict between nationalists and non-nationalists, 166–67; and cultural assimilation, 141; dual identities within, 167–68; ethnic aspects of, 163; impact of decentralization on, 93; influence of authoritarian state on, 81–82; macroprocess and microbehavior in, 60–61; management of, by Spain, 135–156; overview of the literature on, 4–6; and paradiplomacy , 118–21; and promotion of Basque Network of European Information, 125; radicalization of, 81–82; and religious fundamentalism, 160; similarities of, with Quebecois nationalism, 160–61; Spanish state and, 141–47; strategies for management of, by Spain, 136–41; and structures of the democratic state, 92–99 Basque Network of European Information, 125 Basque Office for European Affairs, 123–34 Basque paradiplomacy, 121–34; aid for development, 127–28; and Basque Centers , 128–29; and Basque communities abroad, 128–29; Basque Statute of Autonomy , 123; comparative perspective on, 130–33; conflictual nature of, 123– 24; European affairs, 125–26; extra-European bilateral relations, 126–28; failed attempts to advance the cause, 122; four main axes of, 125–30; Gaztemundu, 128; General Secretariat on Foreign Action, 124; government-in-exile, 122–23; identity , 131; interbask, 124; Latin America, 126–28; pnv’s involvement in, 123; representation in Brussels, 124; Sabino Arana Goiri, 121–22; transborder cooperation , 129–30; two periods of, 123 Basque people: blood type of, 28; identities of, 168; language of, 27–29; peculiarities of, 27–29; persecution of, under Franco, 72–73; and whaling, 28 Basque provinces: creation of, 29–31 Basque Statute of Autonomy —1931, 66–68; electoral results in Basque Country (June 28, 1931), 67; pnv electoral results, 66–67; position on issue of foreign affairs, 123; referendum results (November 5, 1933), 67 —1979, 89–92; high abstention rate in referendum , 89; referendum results on, 92 Batasuna, 57; eta and, 57–58; judiciary decision to outlaw, 145; Ibarretxe plan, 151. See also hb (Herri Batasuna)¡Basta Ya! 150 Bergara reunification assembly, 64 Bilateral Cooperation Commission, 126–27 bilateral relations: with Latin America, 126–28 Bizkaitarra, 56 bng (Bloque Nacionalista Galego), 101–2...