Purshia: The Wild And Bitter Roses

1 The Wild and Bitter Roses

Chapter Ten Wildfire Relations 171 Chapter Eleven The Role of Nitrogen 195 Chapter Twelve Purshia Management 211 Notes 229 Index 257 viii Contents Figures 2.1. Bitterbrush 18 2.2. Apache plume 19 2.3. Antelope bitterbrush 21 2.4. Cliffrose 22 3.1. Woodlands with antelope bitterbrush understory 36 3.2. Landscape view from Janesville Grade 37 3.3. Jeffrey pine/desert bitterbrush community 42 3.4. Pine woodland with big sagebrush–antelope bitterbrush understory 44 3.5. Cattle grazing in western juniper/antelope bitterbrush–mountain big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass community 46 4.1. Antelope bitterbrush in full flower 58 4.2. Height of antelope bitterbrush by age classes 70 4.3. Sizes and ages of five antelope bitterbrush plants 71 5.1. Cross section of antelope bitterbrush achene 74 5.2. Categories of seedbed temperatures used for comparison with germination profiles 96 6.1. Screen tray and paddle for harvesting antelope bitterbrush seed 99 6.2. Vacuum browse-seed harvester 100 6.3. Hoop and cloth bag for bitterbrush seed collection 101 6.4 Barley debearder for removing remnant style parts from achenes 103 6.5. Air screen for cleaning antelope bitterbrush seed 104 6.6. Normal and black shriveled antelope bitterbrush seeds 105 6.7. Root development of antelope bitterbrush seedlings 115 6.8. Antelope bitterbrush seeded in two strips 116 6.9. Hansen scalper–browse seeder 120 6.10. Schussler antelope bitterbrush spot seeder 121 ix Illustrations 7.1. Typical harvester ant mound 125 7.2. Rodents of the families Sciuridae, Heteromyidae, and Cricetidae 127 7.3. Fur-lined external cheek pouches typical of the family Heteromyidae 128 7.4. Antelope bitterbrush seedlings emerging from a scatter-hoard cache 128 7.5. Deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) 131 8.1. Mixed community of mountain big sagebrush and antelope bitterbrush 145 9.1. Say’s stinkbug (Chlorochroa sayi) 162 9.2. Great Basin tent caterpillar (Malacosoma fragile) 164 10.1. Bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) unburned in a wildfire fueled by cheatgrass 173 10.2.a. Juniper Hill ca. 1900 177 10.2.b. The same site in 1978 178 10.3. Periodicity of establishment of western juniper trees in low sagebrush communities 179 10.4.a. Frequency of fire scars on western juniper trees on low sagebrush sites 180 10.4.b. Cross section of a fire-scarred western juniper trunk 180 12.1. Heavily grazed rangeland, ca. 1900 212 12.2. Mule deer exclosure 216 12.3. A three-way big game exclosure built in the 1950s 217 12.4. Nearly senescent stand of antelope bitterbrush 219 12.5. Mule deer depredation of agricultural fields in northwestern Nevada 223 12.6. A lone antelope bitterbrush plant in a stand of big sagebrush with juniper 226 Maps 1.1. General distribution of antelope bitterbrush 5 1.2. Distribution of antelope and desert bitterbrush and cliffrose in western North America 6 1.3. Distribution of cliffrose and Apache plume in western North America 8 x Illustrations xi Tables 1.1. Common Names for Purshia Species 3 3.1. Foliage Cover for a Juniperus/Artemisia-Purshia Association 34 4.1. Seasonal Growth and Development of Bitterbrush 53 4.2. Phenology of Purshia Plants from Southeastern to Northeastern California 53 4.3. Cliffrose, Apache Plume, and Bitterbrush Accessions 54 4.4. Phenology of Cliffrose, Apache Plume, and Bitterbrush Accessions 56 –57 4.5. Duration of Flowering and Fruiting in Bitterbrush, Cliffrose, and Apache Plume Accessions 60 4.6. Phenology of Antelope Bitterbrush in Oregon 61 4.7. Antelope Bitterbrush Seed Production 62 4.8. Sprouting of Antelope and Desert Bitterbrush Following Wildfires 65 4.9. Shrub Accessions Evaluated in the Baker, Oregon, Common Garden 67 4.10. Height of Shrub Accessions in the Baker, Oregon, Common Garden 68 5.1. Germination of Bitterbrush and Cliffrose Seeds Without Pretreatment 76 5.2. Germination of Antelope Bitterbrush Seeds after Cool-Moist Pretreatment 79 5.3. Germination of Antelope Bitterbrush Seeds after Cool-Moist Pretreatment in Sand 79 5.4. Mean Germination Profiles for Bitterbrush and Cliffrose Seeds 83 5.5. Germination Profiles for Bitterbrush and Cliffrose Seeds Incubated Without Pretreatment 85 5.6. Germination Profiles for Bitterbrush and Cliffrose Seeds Pretreated in Thiourea 85 5.7. Germination of Bitterbrush and Cliffrose Seeds Soaked in Thiourea 86 –87 5.8. Germination Profiles...